In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment free essay sample

In a highly dynamic and turbulent environment, some mangers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances, whilst others have change thrust upon them. Therefore, it benefits all mangers to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the organization and its environment and react accordingly. Introduction The purpose of this article is to evaluate the statement above and discuss the skills a manager might need to be successful in a increasingly fast changing and growing complexity business environment. No matter what form of the organization that you work for, for example, a profit making company, a public sector bodies or voluntary charitable group. We all have been experiencing the impact of the environment that surrounding organization. Accordingly, studying the environment and managing the impact are essential to survive or gain competitive advantage. Changing School of Management Thought Before we talk about the environment, I would like to briefly exploring some of the major schools of management thought. We will write a custom essay sample on In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is important to know that not only the environment is changing rapidly, but also the way we see the world is shifting. Each of the schools of thought, in their day, represents the major paradigms and reflects the business environment surrounding them in their eras. These schools of thought are the ‘paradigms’ of management referred to by Clarke and Clegg in their book â€Å"Changing Paradigms – The Transformation of Management Knowledge for the 21st Century. †(Clarke Clegg, 2000) . Since â€Å"Clarke and Clegg define paradigms as models or frameworks that we use to help us perceive, perceive, understand and interpret the world around us. † (R A Cowe BmiC Lec1, 2008). We can understand the change happens in business world by studying different schools of thoughts and paradigms in different time. Thus we can compare the complexity of nowadays environment with early year environment. The major schools of management that we need to recognize are Scientific Classical (administrative) Behavioral Systems and contingency approaches Scientific School views management as a science and belief that there is only ‘one best way’ to run a business, whilst mangers are able to identify and prescribe the one best way. Classical School seeks universal truth about management through specialization of work, unity of command, scalar chain of command and co-ordination of activities. Behavioral School emphasizes the ‘people factor’ and it does not view people as machines. These three major foretime schools of management have certain command feature. They just emphasize one aspect of management only, like Scientific management focus on work, Classical management focus on organization structure and Behavioral management focus on people. They believe that there is only one best way to manage a business and only one single factor drive the change. This emphasis tends to ignore the ‘environment factor’. These theories treat management as an internality rather than externality. According to their assumptions, environment seems to be a constant rather than a variable. We suggest that these foretime paradigms, in their time, have much more stable, predictable and parochial environment, therefore they do not see the problem of ignoring the ‘environment factors’. Nowaday environment, however, is no longer stable and predictable. The most recent school of management, System approach, implies that present day organization exist in highly dynamic and turbulent environment. Systems approach represents an organization as an Open System. They believe organization do not exit in isolation, on the contrary, organization exist within environment. We will detailedly discuss system approach and apply it for analysis of the environment in latter part of this article. Cause of Dynamic and Turbulent Nowadays, highly dynamic and turbulent environment was caused by such as globalization and appearance of internet. According to the Boston Consulting Group (Clarke Clegg, 2000) the following are the key â€Å"drives of change†: Change in economic structure The basis of competition The changing shape of business organization â€Å"Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. †( Bhagwati Jagdish, 2004). This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces referred to by Rowman Littlefield in their book â€Å"Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity a Changing World. †(2004) Globalization brings change in economic structure Impact on business: Deregulation and opening up of national economies. For example, accession of China to WTO. Challenges: Complex, fast-changing and unfamiliar competitive environment Globalization also brings change in the basis of competition Impact on business: Emergency of capabilities-based competition. For example, value/supply chain management. Challenges: Managing the relationship with global customers, supplier, and workforces, etc. Globalization change the shape of business organization Impact on business: Growth in flexible working arrangements. Challenges: Leading an organization of quite different design Globalization bring a new manner of doing business, since globality offer much opportunity and competitive to our business environment. You can join economic and technological forces with anybody in anywhere. This gives us a continued growth impact, whilst an uncertain and competitive impact. Take my ompany as an example. I work for a fabric manufacture company, Calen, which is based in Hong Kong having mills in mainland China and ship our product, fabric, to Jordan and Cambodia to produce garment selling to USA. We not only compete with Hong Kong rival, but also Vietnam, Turkey and any knitting company in the world. We also have to manage the relationships with suppliers wh o come from India and Pakistan. Under this highly dynamic and turbulent environment, in order to sustain growth and remain competitive we need our managers or organization to be proactive and actively seek opportunity and avoid risk. Nature and Characteristics of Environment Some mangers of organizations try to manage their organization/environment relationship. However, â€Å"The major issue for management in this respect is whether or not the environment is an unmanageable phenomenon†¦.. because of the nature, complexity and uncertainty which exists out there it is impossible to comprehend the organization/environmental relationship. If it is impossible to understand it is impossible to manage. †(David Hawley, 2008). If we want to manage the environment it is worth to have a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment. There are many definitions of the organizational external environment, .. all factors, EXTERNAL to the organization, a change in which may produce a change in the state of the Organization. † (Ackoff Emery, 1972, Thompson, 1968) Or as Von Bertalanffy (1968) suggests when considering the organization/environmental relationship, it might be viewed as: .. a living organism (The Organization), which interacts with its environment. † These definitions show there is interaction between organization and environment. We cannot isolate organization from its environment. Emery Trist (1969) suggested that certain types of environment contain certain characteristics: Placid Random (static) Placid Clustered (static) Disturbed Reactive (dynamic) Turbulent (dynamic) Placid Random – low degree of movement (change) and little connectedness (linkage); impose least threat to the organization; simple decision making and problem solving techniques required. Placid Clustered – similar to placid random, but environmental factors comes in cluster, e. g. suppliers or distributors; more multi-lateral dealing required by the organization to cope with them all; cannot take the environment as a given. Disturbed Reactive – relationship much more comple; fate of organization inextricably linked with factors in the environment; more uncertainty in the organization environment relationship; requires a response from the organization. Turbulent – high degree and rate of change in environment may be beyond the organization’s capacity to predict, major changes which appear remote, but are significant. Some managers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances. According to the complexity and uncertainty of the environment, it is impossible to completely perceive every circumstance surrounding origination. Therefore there must be some circumstances remains unknown to managers. We here distinguish circumstances as ‘known’ and ‘unknown’, the unknown circumstances such as the First Order Environment and the known circumstances such as Second Order Environment. We are going to introduce First/Second Order Environment in the following. Organizations are affected by elements of the external business environment: First Order Environment Second Order Environment Social; Owners Political Employees Economic Competitiors Legal Banks Technical Customers Suppliers Other Stakeholders First order environment is the outer layer that widely dispersed and affects organizations indirectly. It is very hard to predict indirect impact of first order environment on organizations. These elements do not directly change day-to-day operations, but they will affect all organizations eventually. Second order environment is closer to the organization and includes sector that conduct day-to-day transactions with organization and directly influence. It is easy to predict direct impact of these elements on organizations. It is basic operations and performance. In the figure showed below, organizations exist within second order environment, whilst second order environment exist within first order environment. Fig 1. adapted from David Hawley, Napier University, Business and Management in Context, lec 2 p. 8 Analyze Environment Having a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment is not enough for managers to plan their change strategy.

10 mejores y 10 peores estados para hacer negocios

10 mejores y 10 peores estados para hacer negocios Para los  hispanos  que residimos en Estados Unidos es importante conocer cules son los mejores y los peores estados para hacer negocio por una razà ³n muy simple: somos el grupo con el porcentaje ms alto de emprendedores. Y es que 11 de cada 100 tienen un negocio, siendo la presencia latina especialmente notable en  empresas de limpieza, jardinerà ­a, reformas de viviendas, eventos y negocios que requieren licencias profesionales. Muchos de los negocios son pequeà ±os y en realidad son una forma de autoempleo, particularmente entre los migrantes mexicanos y entre los mexicano-americanos que son dueà ±os de aproximadamente 800 mil negocios de este tipo. Est claro que los negocios son importantes para la comunidad latina, tanto para la ya asentada como para la recià ©n llegada y eligen esa opcià ³n como los que no tienen otro remedio porque llegan con una  visa E-2  que debe ser renovada perià ³dicamente  o una  green card por inversià ³n. Por esta razà ³n conviene conocer en cules de los 50 estados de Estados Unidos existe una regulacià ³n y un clima econà ³mico y empresarial que favorece la creacià ³n y el crecimiento de los negocios. Por ello este artà ­culo comprende: Lista general de los 10 mejores estados para hacer negociosLista general sobre los 10 estados en los que es ms complicado y dificultoso sacar adelante un negocioY lista de los 5 estados que los empresarios latinos prefieren para desarrollar su idea de negocio, que no siempre coincide con el listado general. Son muchas las listas que se hacen anualmente sobre los mejores y peores estados para hacer negocio. Aquà ­ seguimos la de Forbes, por su amplitud y metodologà ­a, pero en general puede decirse que hay pocas variaciones entre los diferentes listados. Se han valorado factores como: potencial econà ³mico para el futuro, regulacià ³n sanitaria y de contratacià ³n, disponibilidad de trabajadores, calidad de vida, clima econà ³mico y costo para hacer negocios. Los 10 mejores estados para emprender Utah, destacando en potencial de crecimiento (poblacià ³n: 2,963,000)Carolina del Norte, que sobresale en regulacià ³n favorable para los negocios (poblacià ³n: 9,992,000)Nebraska, tambià ©n con un excelente clima regulatorio (poblacià ³n: 1,877,600)Dakota del Norte, con un buen clima econà ³mico, influenciado por los hidrocarburos (poblacià ³n: 744,600)Colorado, el estado nà ºmero 1 en normas laborales (poblacià ³n: 5,397,200)Texas, el estado con el mejor clima econà ³mico (poblacià ³n: 27,187,700)Virginia, el mejor estado desde el punto de vista regulatorio (poblacià ³n: 8,355,200)Indiana, el mejor despuà ©s de Virginia en regulacià ³n (poblacià ³n: 6,608,900)Dakota del Sur. el estado con menor costo para hacer negocios (poblacià ³n: 856,200)Washington, un estado con excelentes perspectivas de crecimiento (poblacià ³n: 7,108,400) Los 10 peores estados para hacer negocios En esta lista se empieza con el menos malo de los top 10 para acabar con el que califica como el peor, es decir, Virginia Occidental. Nueva Jersey, sà ³lo en un estado es ms caro hacer negocio (poblacià ³n: 8,947,700)Vermont, es caro hacer negocios y mucha regulacià ³n (poblacià ³n: 626,500)Hawaii, un estado para vivir pero no para hacer negocios (poblacià ³n: 1,424,900)Alaska, un estado muy caro (poblacià ³n: 738,000)Rhode Island, sà ³lo califica bien en calidad de vida (poblacià ³n: 1,056,900)Nuevo Mà ©xico, el estado con mayor porcentaje de hispanos (poblacià ³n:2,085,300)Maine, destaca por su lado positivo, la calidad de vida (poblacià ³n: 1,331,600)Mississippi (poblacià ³n: 2,995,700)Virginia Occidental, el estado que peor califica en oferta de trabajadores y regulacià ³n (poblacià ³n: 1,844,900). Los mejores y los peores para los emprendedores latinos Los empresarios hispanos en Estados Unidos destacan en la creacià ³n de pequeà ±as empresas e incluso en las que su objetivo es el autoempleo y tienen un à ºnico empleado: el propio emprendedor. Por ello, prefieren estados donde las regulaciones laborales, de salud y de seguridad le sean favorables para sacar adelante su pequeà ±o negocio. Por estas razones, en las encuestas estos son los cinco estados preferidos por los empresarios latinos para hacer negocio: TennesseeOregà ³nUtahPennsylvaniaTexas Curiosamente, tres de los estados con una amplia presencia latina como son California, Nueva York y Florida, no aparecen en ninguna lista entre los mejores para hacer negocios. A tener en cuenta antes de fundar un negocio Los ciudadanos americanos y los residentes permanentes legales podrà ­an tener acceso a subvenciones para negocios, tanto de carcter federal como estatal o incluso local. Es importante informarse sobre posibles ayudas para prà ©stamos, subvenciones, asistencia local y condiciones para calificar para contratar con el gobierno en la pgina oficial del Small Business Administration, que tiene una versià ³n en espaà ±ol. Adems, todos los empresarios en potencia debe tener en cuenta que es importante familiarizarse sobre las formas jurà ­dicas que se le puede dar al negocio para crear una empresa. Puede haber diferencias importantes a la hora de pagar impuestos o de proteccià ³n ante la ley.   Asimismo, considerar familiarizarse con el sistema de franquicias si les gustarà ­a lanzarse al mundo del emprendimiento pero no se sienten seguros porque no conocen bien las regulaciones. Y, finalmente, antes de empezar a hacer gastos, conviene realizar si es posible un buen plan de negocios y contabilizar todos los gastos que puedan surgir, tales como abogado, contable, licencias, alquileres, seguros mà ©dicos, impuestos, derechos de los empleados, salarios mà ­nimos, etc.

Financial Aspect within any Organisation Research Paper

Financial Aspect within any Organisation - Research Paper Example Financial aspect within any organization is considered to be an internal review and the financial managers are the ones responsible for financial planning in such a way that it is embedded within the entire strategic plan to give favorable results for the organization both in the long-run and the short-run. Financial managers are supposed to manage a firm’s resources so that it can meet its goal and objectives. The major aim of a financial manager is to examine the financial data of any given organization and to give the recommendation to the top management regarding strategies that would improve the financial performance of a company. The different role of a financial manager includes capital budgeting decisions, capital structure decisions, providing tactical advice over merger and acquisitions, dividend policy decision and all other investment decisions that may involve portfolio management as well. All these different roles and functions merge together to form the basis of any strategic plan and these financial matters help in understanding the growth that a company will make with reference to its profitability and long term growth. Sales Forecast Forecasting is usually used by companies to estimate future results. Although these estimates are not 100% accurate, they usually give an insight into many issues such as an idea about the future drawn by using different assumption and techniques. Sales forecasting is one such technique whereby any company predicts the volume and the number of sales that may be achieved by different sales staff through different regions in which the company operates. There are three different approaches that are adopted in sales forecasting. These are: Top-down Sales Forecasting; it is a technique whereby the sales figure are planned by the top level management and these figures are forwarded to lower level management in form of sales quotas/limits/targets which the lower level management should attain Bottom-up Sales Forec asting; is an approach whereby these sales figure are put in by the employees responsible for the sale. The sales team forecast a target which they think they can sell and after this target forms the basis for the entire company’s revenue plan. Hybrid Sales Forecasting; is an approach whereby both the top-down and the bottom-up approach is used. The top management derives the sales figure at the corporate level whilst the sales staffs derive it at the operational level. Both these figures are compared together and any discrepancies between the two are henceforth amended. The benefit of using this hybrid approach is that it tends to eliminate any discrepancy or a biased judgment of sales and both the top and the bottom level management work together for the success of the organization. The hybrid approach produces variability and it also creates participation from the lower level management which as a result increases motivation. The disadvantage of this technique is that it c onsumes too much time of both the top and the bottom level management (Kahn, 1998).

To what extent is regional integration in North America part of Essay

To what extent is regional integration in North America part of globalisation - Essay Example Occupying such a vast geographical area and sound population in the three countries of NAFTA, the regional integration at this level certainly helped in the globalization. Globalization is defined as a process of complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes with increasing interdependence, integration and interaction between people and companies in different locations. It involves internationalization, deterritorilization, universalization, westernization and liberalization. The term globalization was used in 1940s but scholars began applying it in early 1980s. It is reported that Theodore Levitt coined the word â€Å"globalization†. Globalization also means the process of moving close to each other by different countires with a sole objective of collective benefit in terms of trade (Colas Alejandro, 2005 and Hulsmeyer, 2003). Globalization can also be described as the the intensification and integration of the consciousness of the world as a whole. It is also used to refer to these collective changes as a process, or else as the cause of turbulent change (James, 2005, Jones,2000 and Randall,2000). Globaliza tion stimulates economic reforms whose economic efficiency and political acceptability are increased through regional cooperation (Schrim,2002). New Regionalism contributes positively for globalization in three aspects: it offers a new theoretical approach to integration theory; it develops a distinct interpretative model for the impact of globalization on states; and it compares systematically the influence of globalization and the preferences for cooperation cross-regionally in Europe and the Americas. Regional integration and globalization coexist with other and they have both positive and negative effects (Perkmann and Ngai-Ling Sum, 2002). Positive effects include higher rate of export growth, faster capital accumulation and improvement in other economic

Discuss the risk management process and its interactions with the Essay

Discuss the risk management process and its interactions with the project lifecycle - Essay Example Risk management is a process that leads to identification of the uncertainties that may arise in the future and provide remedies and precautions for handling these risks. Risks faced by an organisation may create a negative impact on its assets and the reputation it has gained. The aim of Risk management is to identify the potential risks that the company might face and develop resources for mitigating the adverse effects of such losses. An organisation may face various types of risks like financial risks, operational risks, perimeter risks and lastly strategic risks. Financial risks may result in the losses related to cost of claims and liability of judgments (Conrow 2003). Operational risks may be faced by the organisation in the form of labor strikes and strategic risks involve risks related to changes in management or loss of reputation. Risk management has a pivotal role to play in effective project management. The following paper, will throw light on crucial objectives of risk management, the process of risk management and interactions between risk management the project lifecycle. Objectives of Risk Management The process of risk management aims at identification of the potentially hazardous and harmful situations. ... The purpose of risk management is to develop strategies and plans for managing and mitigating the potential risks faced by the organisation. In this manner, risk management aims at preventing the organisations from various types of risks that it may face in the long run and provide effective tools for setting appropriate strategies. Risk Management Process Assessment of risks has a fundamental process that involves five steps in implementing an appropriate system of control so that risks can be minimised. It helps in the identification and analysis of the various risks that are harmful for the workplace and negatively impact the organisation. Therefore, risk assessment is a straightforward examination of the dangerous elements that can harm the people, as well as the reputation of the organisation in the long run. So there is a need to take proper precautions for eliminating all kind of risks in order to minimise the fuss that is created in the functioning of the organisation (Culp 2 001). The first step of risk management process involves identification of hazards and the harmful effects that these hazards possess. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify how people would be affected by the potential danger that is created by the risks. It is required that proper ramifications are undertaken for mitigating the possibilities of such risks. Various strategies and tools are identified to be crucial, for mitigating the dangerous effects of the risks. At this level, sources through which risks can be avoided are analysed, and appropriate measures are undertaken to keep the things at place. These sources of risks can be internal or external to the organisation. An example of internal and external sources of risks can be the employees and the operational

Nationalism and the French Revolution

Nationalism and the French Revolution The French Revolution is synonymous with nationalism. In fact, there can be little doubt that the concept of a nationalist revolution was born from the discord that built up in and around the periphery of France during the 1780’s. There was, however, little cohesion or malice aforethought with regards to events that took place after the storming of the Bastille in 1789. Rather than being a planned experiment in nationalism, the French Revolution should instead be interpreted as the result of pent up forces and frustrated political ambitions that had been fermenting in France and throughout Europe for the previous one hundred years. The nationalism of the revolution era was thus rare; a total kind of nationalist ideology that in theory was concerned with furthering the ambitions of ‘la patrie’ (the nation) but which in reality was too dynamic for its own good. The various modes of political office that dominated France over the forthcoming decades were wholly unpre cedented and unable to be contained within the national borders of France alone. As Bouloiseau declares, â€Å"the regime’s intentions were pure, but it lacked the means to put them into practice.†[1] For the purpose of perspective, the following examination of the role that nationalism played in the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars must adopt a chronological approach, attempting first to trace the genesis and subsequent evolution of the nationalist uprising before attempting to draw a definitive conclusion as to why the nature of the revolution was far too complex to be explained in simple ideological terms. First, however, a definition of nationalism within the specific historical context in which it was formed must be ascertained in order to establish a conceptual framework for the remainder of the discussion. Nationalism could not have emerged as a populist form of political ideology without there first having been the introduction of the paradigm of the ‘nation‑state’, which was first institutionalised after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. France, Spain, Prussia, Switzerland, Holland and Sweden all signed treaties during the course of 1648 bringing to an end a variety of international conflicts that had beset the European continent for the previous eighty years. The treaty acknowledged the political legitimacy of states on the European mainland, giving rise in the process to the idea of international relations – the foundation of modern foreign policy. This was an important break with the past where relations between countries had been conducted via the historical continental monarchies and the ‘ancien regime’ that had governed feudal, pre‑industrial Europe for centuries. After 1648 the watershed notion had been implanted which suggested th at the rule of the old continental monarchies was coming to an end and that it would be the nation‑state that would become the determining factor in political affairs in Europe in the future. It is a significant point and one that should be borne in mind throughout the remainder of the discussion: without the Peace of Westphalia there could not have been a nationalist revolution, neither in France or anywhere else. Before it, it is difficult to conceive of nationalism in the modern form that is talked of today. The revolution itself was the result of a century of frustration that had built up around the inability to turn this new concept of the nation‑state into a political reality. For instance, despite the increasing urbanisation and industrialisation of the country the monarchy, nobility, aristocracy and the landowners continued to economically and politically dominate France throughout the opening decades of the eighteenth century. Moreover, as was the case with the last days of the Roman Empire, the behaviour of the traditional elite in France appeared to get more lavish and decadent with each passing year so that, by July 1789, France was absolutely ripe to experience what Marxists would understand as a ‘revolution from below’. The intellectuals and the bourgeoisie were able to use a variety of oratorical and politically inflammatory means of inciting the disaffected French masses into open rebellion at this time. One of these means was nationalism. By constantly c laiming that the monarchy and the nobility were destroying the cultural fabric of France, the leaders of the revolution (bourgeois men such as Maximilian Robespierre) were able to quickly turn a large‑scale riot into a wholesale nationalist revolution. In this sense, the dictatorship of Robespierre and The Terror that took effect from July 1793 to July 1794 should be seen as marking the birth of political modernity. â€Å"Robespierre is not so much the heir of Enlightenment as the product of the new system called Jacobinism, the beginning of modern politics.†[2] Modern politics in this instance is a pseudonym for nationalism, which after the French Revolution became the defining concept in European politics until the end of World War Two and the destruction of the Nazi State in 1945. Indeed, the link between the revolution, nationalism and what the twentieth century would come to understand as fascism must at this point be underscored. Fascism, much like the political dictators of the French Revolution, was only able to come to power via a protracted period of liberal decadence having taken place beforehand. Thus in much the same way as the leaders of the French Revolution right wing fascist leaders used nationalism as a means of highlighting the need to undergo a revolutionary national re‑birth; to attempt to form a phoenix from what they perceived as the ashes of political ineptitude and cultural decadence. â€Å"Fascism is a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a palingenetic form of populist ultra-nationalism.†[3] The association with fascism is also useful for the way in which it spreads light on how the revolution was unable to be contained with the sovereign national borders of France alone. Like Nazism, nationalism in the context of the French Revolution was a highly unstable ideological solution to a long-term socio‑political problem. The revolution likewise required an external enemy in order to maintain popular support and political legitimacy. Thus, war became the lifeblood of the revolution as, during the course of the 1790’s the leaders of the French Revolution decided that it was no longer enough to have successfully removed from power the former political elite from France; rather, an expansion of the ideology and the means of putting that ideology into practice abroad became the raison d’à ªtre of the regime. â€Å"During the 1790’s the policies pursued by France undoubtedly contributed to mass political mobilisation elsewhere in Europe.†[4] The Napoleonic Wars which followed should be seen as the wars of nationalism which raged across the European continent over the following two decades. Yet there was a tangible sense of a faà §ade appearing whereby the French claimed to be conquering foreign territory in order to transfer the libertarian, enlightened principles of the revolution to lands that had hitherto not been afforded such a valuable political and social insight when in fact the struggles that Napoleon embarked upon across the continent were simply a means of affirming the French nationalists’ belief that they alone were the superior European race. Nowhere is this better illustrated than in the invasion of Russia – again a move that strikes immediate comparisons with Hitler and Nazi Germany. By crossing the Urals and moving into the realms of Russian authority, Napoleon finally discarded the mask of the revolution that he had so far been sporting. In no way could the take over of Russia be seen as anything other than the expression of nationalism over political theory. Russia at the time was still an almost entirely feudal country with no industrialisation to speak of even in the major towns and cities such as St. Petersburg. In addition, there was no sophisticated social class system to speak of which could have proved to be a launch pad for a nationalist revolution taking place in Russia on anything like the same scale that had happened in France. Therefore, the invasion was, in the final analysis, simply due to the will of Napoleon and the nationalistic French to increase the revolutionary empire by overcoming the historical pariah of European politics. Furthermore, just like all the other nationalist leaders who went before and came after him, Napoleon was ultimately proved to be incorrect: nationalism (as manifested by the Tsar and the Russian civilian population) was a force that was just as capable of defending a sovereign border territory as it was of invading and con quering it. Nationalism was clearly a double‑edged sword so far as France and Napoleon were concerned. Essentially, the more land the French army seized, the more the Prussians and the English revelled in their own forms of nationalism which were ignited in the first place by French aggression and sustained by the military ambitions of its dictatorial leader. It remains within the realms of conjecture as to whether or not the British Empire would have been established as rapidly and successfully as it was without the experience of the Napoleonic Wars to both inspire as well as crystallise it. There can be little doubt that the rivalry of the two (which had been meted out in the colonial wars that took place at the same time in North America and Canada) had been the result of a growing sense of tension due to the nascent nationalism of both countries. The French Revolution proved to be the catalyst behind the ultimate expression of this nationalistic warfare between the United Kingdom and France – a potent political concoction whose reside is still very much in evidence in the modern era. Mention at this point must be made of the ideological and philosophical impetus behind the French Revolution in order to manufacture an argument against the idea that the uprising was solely the revolt of nationalistic fervour, which it clearly was not. No seizure of power by a people over a ruling government can be anything other than the combination of a number of highly complex social, cultural, economic and political processes. The build up to the storming of the Bastille has been described as the golden age of Enlightenment – an epoch that oversaw the signing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man in America (July 1776), which signalled the notion of all men being born equal and of human beings having been born with certain rights that must be upheld by national and international law. This vision of liberalism that was sweeping across the early modern western world was not initially a vision that was inspired solely by nationalism. Certainly in the United States it is not possible to speak of a nationalist revolution simply because the thirteen colonies at that time consisted of such a mixture of European immigrants as to make the concept of a nation‑state wholly inadequate for the newly conceived ‘Americans.’ The ideal was, rather, a child of ideological and philosophical writings that emanated predominantly from France via contemporary cultural commentators such as Rousseau an d Voltaire. Again, these ideals did not accentuate the nationalism inherent within Enlightenment. Instead they promulgated an essentially socialist view of a new European order that was designed upon a kind of meritocracy rather than values pertaining to inheritance; where ability was seen as more important than historical connection. â€Å"Anyone who excels in something is always sure to be sought after, opportunities will present themselves and merit will do the rest.†[5] This inexorably socialist, libertarian seed that was first planted in what would become the French Revolution is a vital tool for understanding how nationalism alone cannot be seen as responsible for the events of 1789 and the ensuing wars which followed. The ideological impetus behind the revolution was one that genuinely envisaged a utopian new world order that would not be dictated by corrupt and inadequate people the likes of which had conspired to ruin France since the Middle Ages. The reasons as to why this ideal of a revolution from below turned into a large scale international war is entirely due to the make up of mankind, which is especially inclined to be corrupted by power and to look towards routes of making profit out of the conquer and subjugation of alien races. The point has been made before and it must be made again: this kind of overt nationalism that took control of France during the late eighteen and early nineteenth century was the driving force behind all interc ontinental relations over the following one hundred and fifty years. The French Revolution thus oversaw the beginnings of the reign of realpolitik when military might became the only means of maintaining dominance in a Europe increasingly influenced by cultural intolerance and overt political nationalism. Conclusion â€Å"1789 meant a revolution in ideas, in institutions and individual opportunities, which a quarter of a century of upheaval and war made irreversible.†[6] As the above quotation suggests, the revolution that took France by storm during the final years of the eighteenth century was an extremely potent political process that seemed to gather intensity as the success first of the bourgeois dictatorship of The Terror and second of the military dictatorship of Napoleon cemented the ideals of the Enlightenment upon the European mainland. However, although this process might have began as an expression of egalitarian views pertaining to the freedom of all men, the reality of the revolution was one that spoke volumes about the essentially violent nature of the human condition and the extent of the socio‑political frustrations that had been steadily rising since the middle of the previous century. The greatest beneficiary of this volatile mixture was without doubt nationalism – the only ideological force that was able to hold together the disparate aims and ideals that conspired to make up the French Revolution. Nationalism and th e defence of la patrie were used as rallying cries by the petty bourgeoisie, the revolutionary instigators of the Terror and the imperial machinations of the Napoleonic war machine. To what extent these people were successful in their aims of inciting a nationalist revolution remains an issue that still resides predominantly within the realms of conjecture. There certainly appears to be a major schism between the nationalism that gripped the streets of Paris and the other chief urban centres of France and the relative tranquillity of the rural areas of the country that largely retained their bonds both to the nobility and to the ancien regime in the years that immediately followed the revolution[7]. In the final analysis, the concept of la patrie meant very little to the uneducated proletariat working on the rural estates in the agrarian parts of the country where economic necessity took precedence over revolutionary rhetoric and nationalistic uprisings. This then suggests that nationalism is inexorably tied to industrialisation, urbanisation and the ability to wage mobile industrial warfare across a large land mass. This is exactly what happened one hundred and fifty years after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo when the distorted vision of nationalism that inspired the French Revolution came back to haunt Europe and the world on an unimaginable scale. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andress, D. (2005) The Terror: Civil War in the French Revolution London: Little, Brown Co. Bouloiseau, M. (1983) (translated by J. Mandelbaum), The Jacobin Republic, 1792‑1794 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Dann, O. and Dinwiddy, J.R. (1988) Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution London: Continuum Furet, F. (1981) (translated by E. Forster), Interpreting the French Revolution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Griffin, R. (1991) The Nature of Fascism London: Pinter Merriman, J. (2004) A History of Modern Europe Volume 2: From the French Revolution to the Present London: W.W. Norton Co. Pilbeam, P.M. (1995) Republicanism in Nineteenth Century France, 1814-1871 Basingstoke: Macmillan Rousseau, J-J (1971) (introduction and translated by J.M. Cohen) The Confessions London: Penguin Voltaire (1964) (introduction and translated by J. Butt) Zandig London: Penguin Zeldin, T. (1980) France 1848-1945: Intellect and Pride Oxford: Oxford University Press Selected Articles Biddis, M. (October 1994) Nationalism and the Moulding of Europe, in, Journal of the Historical Association, Volume 79, No. 257 London: Blackwell Footnotes [1] Bouloiseau, M. (1983) (translated by J. Mandelbaum), The Jacobin Republic, 1792‑1794 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.227‑8 [2] Furet, F. (1981) (translated by E. Forster), Interpreting the French Revolution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.204 [3] Griffin, R. (1991) The Nature of Fascism London: Pinter, p.26 [4] Biddis, M. (October 1994) Nationalism and the Moulding of Europe, in, Journal of the Historical Association, Volume 79, No. 257 London: Blackwell, p.416 [5] Rousseau, J-J (1971) (introduction and translated by J.M. Cohen), The Confessions London: Penguin, p.271 [6] Pilbeam, P.M. (1995) Republicanism in Nineteenth Century France, 1814-1871 Basingstoke: Macmillan, p.267 [7] Zeldin, T. (1980) France 1848-1945: Intellect and Pride Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.2-5

Resolving Problem With Manager In The Workplace :: Organizational Management

Identification and definition of the problem. My workplace environment at one time was a pleasant place to be. All the employees got along and worked together very well. We were a team and liked to help each other out when one was in need. It was like clock work. We would go to work wanting to be there to do our jobs because we all knew we would have fun throughout the day while we were working. Then a new manager joined the team. It was not planned, we knew our store needed some help but the employees did not know for definite when we would be getting a new supervisor. The first day was like any usual first day. Meeting the employees, learning the names and a little bit about each person. After observing my new supervisor for a couple of hours I felt as if he was in a hurry to get the first day work out of the way and leave. He did not seem the least bit interested in the people he was going to be working with for over eight hours a day. I blew off my thoughts and felt it was too early to judge the situation. Well I was wrong to blow off my feelings, because I was right to think something was not quite right about this man. During his training he did not want any one below his position to help him out. If he was having troubles with the computer he had to go to the General Manager or another supervisor even though the employees probably know the computers just as well as managers because we use them all day long. He would look for thirty minutes for something in dry storage before he ever asked an employee. I personally thought that was unusual, not asking for help unless it was management. It seems like to me that it would have made him feel less superior if he had to ask one of his employees for help. At that point I knew working with this particular supervisor would not be pleasant. As time went on the situations got increasingly worse. He would scream at us employees for the most ridiculous things. Showing up to work without my name tag would be means for him sending me home.

Cold Case Investigation

Abstract Cold case investigation is a growing concern due to increased numbers of unsolved cases and pop culture appeal. This paper will walk you through what a cold case investigation is, how one begins, and factors such as the use of volunteers can effect the outcome of a cold case investigation. Each year the number of unsolved cases in the U. S. goes up, but with limiting funding and lack of manning something has to be done to keep the numbers down. A dedicated cold case unit is the best answer to this problem. Cold Case InvestigationApproximately one-third of all homicides in the United States are not cleared within the first year of being committed. These cases are dubbed cold cases after active investigation has been terminated for any of several reasons. If investigators lose the trail or cannot come up with enough evidence, witnesses, or a suspect the case may be closed. More important or high publicity cases may become a priority and with lack of a trail a case is closed. T hese cases can be placed on a back burner until time and manning is available to conduct a more thorough investigation and continue where previous investigation left off.The low clearance rate has also been attributed to the number of experienced detectives, changes in resources, deterioration of quality of investigation, and escalation of other related crimes. The means of conducting a cold case investigation vary greatly from that of an ongoing investigation and may even be conducted by people not employed by the original agency handling the case. Resurrecting a Cold Case Investigation After a case has been dubbed a cold case, it may take several months to even years before it is re-opened for investigation.Some times the original investigator may feel a desire to re-open the case or new evidence or witnesses may come to light offering up a direction for investigators to follow. Other times it requires others not involved in the initial investigation to take initiative to gather c losure for victims or other reasons. If the primary investigator in the initial case is not involved in the cold case investigation, the current investigators need to be brought up to speed on the background and prior evidence or facts of the case.Investigators may then contact any prior witnesses and re-entertain questions previously asked or expand on the subject. Some witnesses may provide further information. If there were no witnesses or suspects, current technology that was not available during the initial investigation could provide evidence not previously available such as DNA. Personnel previously interviewed may also be feeling guilt by the time a cold case is re-opened and need an opportunity to vent or even confess their guilt.If little or no further information is found for investigators to go off of the case may become frustrating and be given up on again. Re-opening a cold case also creates some turmoil such as opening old wounds with the victims of these crimes due t o the suspect not being caught initially, and because the victims are forced to relive the past. Cold Case Investigation Units Cold case investigation investigations units have been formed to combat the growing trend of unsolved cases. They usually consist of one or more dedicated homicide investigators with the sole purpose of solving the cases.The structure and management of these units are not clearly defined at this time and there is little evidence to prove that they are effective at reducing the numbers of unsolved cases. Cold case units have gained popular appeal in the last couple of years through various television shows related to that of solving cold cases. There are two perspectives as to why certain cases remain unsolved. The first is based on conflict theory and behavior of law theory. This theory shows that the police’s discretion leads to differences in investigative effort and shows bias.The biggest thing to note on this theory is that a case will have more t ime and effort put into it if the victim is from a more favorable social position. The second theory is the opposite. It states that everyone receives maximum effort regardless of victim characteristics and cases remain unsolved due to a lack of situational characteristics such as evidence, witnesses, and use of a weapon that can be found and fingerprinted. (Napolean, 2009, pg n/a) The cold case unit concept was created by the Miami police department in the 80’s to handle approximately 1,400 unsolved cases.This unit had much success and cold case investigation units became popular nationwide. To date there are still some concerns on how a cold case unit should operate, but prioritizing cases is the biggest concern. As a standard the highest priority cases are those, which the victim or a second victim has been identified, the death was ruled a homicide, suspects were previously named by forensic means, an arrest warrant was previously issued, significant physical evidence can be further processed, or new leads have arisen where critical witnesses are willing to cooperate.Cold cases are generally broken into three categories, high, moderate or low. By any means, a staffed and supported cold case investigation unit is more advantageous than a temporary unit. Volunteers are Essential Cold case investigation is an extremely labor intensive process. There has been a growing desire for cold cases to be solved due to its pop culture appeal. Many police departments are feeling the pressure to get their unsolved case numbers down, but due to the economy and budgets on a downward trend staffing and resources are at a premium.Agencies are now turning to a more non-traditional alternative to fill staff voids left by budget cuts. Volunteers can play an essential role in the assistance to detectives who solve cold cases. Retired detectives provide an allure to some agencies. These retirees do not require additional training because they were previously employed in th e same line of business. They are also most likely to enjoy doing the work because they retired doing it. A great attractor for retirees is that they benefit from getting a chance to do what they love without being forced into the long hours that comes along with it.Other volunteers can come from just about anywhere as long as they have a willingness and drive to solve the cases. Ex-law enforcement and civilians are vital. Having a mixed background of volunteers provides a variety of experience to draw from and a fresh set of eyes on the cases. Investigators that previously worked on the cases may feel refreshed having another opinion on the work they did and find something that was previously missed. Often times investigators are drawn into the way they were instructed to solve a case and miss alternative approaches to problem solving.Volunteers can provide this alternate because they may not have any training in solving cases. Even if volunteers do not work specifically on solving the case, there are other just as important opportunities. Law enforcement comes with a lot of paperwork and filing. Volunteers are perfect for this because by them doing the paperwork aspect of the investigation it frees up the time of the actual detectives to do the foot pounding. References Leonard, G. J. , Gerard, F. D. , & Camille, D. B. (2005) Resurrecting cold case serial homicide investigations.FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 74(8), 1-7. Retrieved from https://search. proquest. com/docview/204129494? accountid=8289 Napolean, C. R. (2009) Cold case investigation units. TELEMASP Bulletin, 16(1), 1-10. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/198013843? accountid=8289 Regensburger, D. (2011). Law enforcement volunteers: An essential tool in the investigation of cold case homicides. Sheriff, 63(3), 22-24. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/869520529? accountid=8289

Book Review of People of the Three Fires

Book Review of People of the Three Fires The book, People of the Three Fires, is written by three different people each describing a tribe in detail.The book is very well written and relatively easy to understand. It is informative and was written to be used as a teaching tool for schools. The book discusses the relationship between the groups that lived in Michigan and surrounding areas. James M. McClurken writes the first section, which deals with the Ottawa people. McClurken tells about the Ottawa peoples relationship with the environment they lived in and how they adapted to change when contacted by Europeans. One thing I found interesting about the Ottawa is their beliefs. The Ottawa believed in respect for the individual. Their leaders represented the people much like our elected officials represent us when a decision is needed for the whole of the country. They are in tune with nature and consider the earth and animals part of their family, addressing them with father, mother, brother, sister. The Ottawas a lso amazed me at their ability to believe in the supernatural, the spirits that told what sickness a person has and the healing power of the firewalkers is a leap of faith. I am always amazed that people survived without Advil and Tums, and they didnt just survived they thrived! The Ottawa were great traders, in fact they traded all !over northern Michigan. A surprising fact I read in the section was of the fleecing of the Indians out of their lands by the Mason County government. In the past year however the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians have reclaimed land in Mason County. This worries me somewhat because I think the house in which we live was part of the land given to the Ottawa in the Treaty of 1855. While I feel bad that the Ottawa were cheated out of their land, I dont think I should have to give up my house to right a ...

How to Choose a Title for Your Essay by BestEssay.Education

How to Choose a Title for Your Essay Making The Right Choice Have you ever walked past a book in the bookstore, then immediately back-tracked to check it out because the title caught your eye? Maybe you’ve made a last minute decision to buy a magazine based one of the titles splashed across the cover. Writers and editors of a variety of publications use clever and compelling titles to hook the reader who will then, ideally, make a purchase. Obviously you are not selling your essay, but the title is still a part of a piece of writing that is going to be graded. Why not put a bit of an effort into the title as well? Are you wondering how to choose a title for your essay? Well, we have a few tricks up our sleeves that we’re going to share to help everybody learn how to title an essay. If you are writing an essay on a serious subject or a light-hearted topic, we have some great ideas for you. Leave the Title for Last Don’t try to write your title first. You will spend the rest of your time attempting to tailor your writing to the title. This will only result in frustration. Your best course of action is to write the essay first, and then to allow the essay to influence the title. However, this does not mean that you should not consider the title at all while you are working. If you get ideas, by all means jot them down. The more potential titles you have on your list once you are done writing, the better off you will be. Finding Good Titles for Essays There are many options for selecting a title for an essay. One thing you can do is examine the writing you have done to determine if there is a particular phrase that appears in your essay. This might be a possible candidate for inclusion in a title. You can also look for an opportunity to use a play on words to create a title that is catchy, and that makes the reader stop and think for a moment. Some writers select titles that are send-ups of other well-known titles. These are great options for coming up with a creative title for an essay that is on a lighter subject. Selecting a Title for a Serious Essay When you choose a title for an essay that is written about a solemn topic, you do want your title to be compelling. What you want to avoid is being unintentionally cutesy or irreverent. One option that works quite well is to take a compelling fact and incorporate this into the title of your essay. Here is an example. â€Å"200 Deaths a Year: Violence in the Inner City†. Another option is to put an action item in your title. It could look something like this. â€Å"Solving the Problem of Inner City Violence†. A third option is to utilize an emotional appeal like this: â€Å"The Heartbreaking Reality of Inner City Violence†.

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Economics - Research Paper Example In addition, the research will seek to identify the various benefits and disadvantages that are brought about by unemployment in USA. Unemployment in this case is described as a state of a person who is able and willing to work at the available rates and is actively seeking a job but is unable to acquire an income-generating job. Unemployment is always accompanied by unemployment rate. Unemployment rate is described by economists as the total number of unemployed persons in the country divided by the total number of the labor force (Rappaport 5). Unemployment can be defined depending with the different circumstances that underlie the situation. The United States is one of the countries that face a high unemployment rate in the world as compared to other European countries such as Germany, United Kingdom, and France. This research paper seeks to ascertain the level of unemployment in USA. Moreover, the researches will establish the disadvantages of unemployment in USA as well as identify the causative agents of unemployment in the country (Rappaport 5). Unemployment is a situation that occurs when people are willing and able to work and cannot find a job. This research is confined to unemployment in the USA. The research will focus on factors that cause unemployment in USA and the increasing trend towards unemployment in the country (Hornstein and Thomas 8). Moreover, it will focus on the challenges facing unemployment in USA as well as suggesting possible solutions for the factors identified. Unemployment situation occurs when a person who is actively seeking for a job is unable to obtain a job. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the country, commonly known as unemployment rate. Unemployment rate is the total number of unemployed persons in the country divided by the total number of the labor force. When an economy is undergoing recession, the rate of unemployment is usually very high. Recent statistics shows that

Unit 8 Asignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 8 Asignment - Essay Example Key players involved in investigating a disease outbreak includes local, state or federal agencies depending on the extent of disease spread and type of disease. Most diseases start at the local level and hence it is the primary duty of local agencies to initiate response. In case the diseases spread across states and nations, state agencies also gets involved in the response. Help from federal agencies such as CDC is sought when the diseases spread is huge or the disease is unusual. The basic step to initiating a disease response is joint collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). These agencies investigate the reasons behind a diseases outbreak, initiate steps to control and subsequently prevent it. This is done by food tests and inspection of food products and service quality at restaurants. Epidemiologist, Microbiologists, Environmental health specialists and regulatory compliance officers and inspectors make up a basic investigating team. Another important stakeholder is the Food industry. I personally feel that the food industry needs to comply strictly with food regulations s to prevent contamination of the food and subsequent outbreaks. Today food is not restricted to one place only, we engage in import and export of several food items which also raises concern in case such items are contaminated. In case of a diseases outbreak it become hard to pin point the cause and hence a series of steps is adopted to investigate the problem. After detection of the outbreak a cause is determines. A hypothesis is made after interviews are conducted with those involved in or witness to the outbreak. Laboratory tests are carried out and in case nothing is found the hypothesis is changes. However in case the findings are positive, point of contamination is investigated and a food is recalled. After recalling, if the disease is in control it is declared safe else the hypothesis is