Essay on Abnormal Psychology and Othello - 1109 Words

To what extent is the science of abnormal psychology involved in the characterization in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello? This essay will answer that question. Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants affirms the Bard’s commitment to abnormal psychology, and his employment of same in this play: That Shakespeare was keenly interested in the study of the abnormal mind is commonly accepted among students. [. . .] The suggestion that Iago may have been intentionally drawn as a psychopathic personality is not new. [. . .] Even a casual scrutiny of a book on case histories of psychopathic patients will find Iago peeping out from many of its pages. Still more, Iago’s name will be found appearing occasionally in bold print in†¦show more content†¦(1.2) While he and Desdemona and Emilia are lounging about at the port in Cyprus awaiting the arrival of the Moor’s ship, Desdemona tries to analyze how his mind and feelings work, for he seems to be habitually critical of his wife. She concludes that he is a â€Å"slanderer† and that he is full of â€Å"old fond paradoxes to make fools laugh in th’ alehouse.† His clever machinations cause grief for every character who has continued contact with him. He deceives Roderigo about the affections of Desdemona: â€Å"Desdemona is directly in love with him [Cassio].† He deceptively lures Cassio into drunkenness where he is vulnerable to taunts and thus loses his officership. He further lures him into Desdemona’s presence so that Othello can find him there and be more suspicious: â€Å"Was not that Cassio parted from my wife?† Iago misinforms Montano regarding Cassio (â€Å"And ‘tis great pity that the noble Moor / Should hazard such a place as his own second / With one of an ingraft infirmity.†) Iago uses Emilia to pass the kerchief, which â€Å"so often you did bid me steal,† to him rather than to its owner. He manipulates the Moor into incorrect views about Desdemona, about Iago himself (â€Å"Iago is most honest†), about Cassio’s relationship with Desdemona, etc. Iago even diverts suspici on of the ambush against Cassio against his prostitute-friend Bianca. In cold blood he eventually murders his gift-giver, Roderigo, so that the wealthy playboy can’tShow MoreRelatedEssay Othello: the Abnormal1809 Words   |  8 PagesOthello: the Abnormal Five Works Citednbsp;nbsp;nbsp; William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello presents to the audience a very abnormal character in the person of Iago. Also can one classify the epileptic seizure of Othello as normal? Let us in this essay consider the abnormal in the play. The abnormal behavior of the ancient is partly rooted in his misogynism. In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne implicates Iago in sexism. He is one who is almost incapable ofRead More Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesIago in Othello  Ã‚      In William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello we see a morally depraved character, perhaps a very mentally sick individual, named Iago. His personality and development during the play is the subject of this essay. In Shakespeare’s Four Giants Blanche Coles comments on the mental illness that appears to afflict the despicable Iago: When such old time critics as H. N. Hudson, who wrote nearly a hundred years ago, saw that Iago was not acting from revenge, one is moreRead More Shakespeares Othello - Iago Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesOthello’s Iago  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   We find in William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello an example of personified evil. He is the general’s ancient, Iago, and he wreaks havoc and destruction on all those under his influence.    Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello† comment on how the character of Iago is the wholly expected type of villain for an Elizabethan audience:      Iago at once captures the attention of the spectator. He is the personificationRead More Shakespeares Othello - Troubled Iago Essay2005 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare’s Othello is the cunning Iago. He spends his life, it would seem, taking revenge on the general and destroying nearly everyone around himself. Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† elaborates on Iago’s exact function and place in the play: . . . Iago ruins Othello by insinuating into his mind the question, ‘How do you know?’ The tragic experience with which this play is concerned is loss of faith, and Iago is the instrument to bring Othello to this crisisRead More Villainous Iago of Shakespeares Othello Essay1841 Words   |  8 PagesVillainous Iago of Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Who can compare in depth of evil to the villainous Iago in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello? His villainy is incomparably destructive on all of those around him.    Iago’s very language reveals the level at which his evil mind works. Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes the types of base, loathsome imagery used by the antagonist Iago when he â€Å"slips his mask aside† while awakening Brabantio:    Iago is lettingRead More The Lost Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay example2335 Words   |  10 PagesThe Lost Iago in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s Othello the sinister nature of the ancient casts a pall of uneasiness over the narrative of the play. How can the evil influence of one character be so pervasive? Let us in this essay probe his character and find answers to our questions.    In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne exposes Iago’s inability to praise women when Desdemona asks him how he would do it:    Iago’s worry that he cannot do whatRead MoreTragic Drama According to AC Bradleys Theory of Shakespeare and a Comparison of Arthur Miller and August Wilsons Concept of Tragedy2899 Words   |  12 Pagesparticular paradox, we become fascinated. Bradley emphasizes on viewing the literary techniques used not as the basic constituents but as the expression of tragedy. Some of the major characters in Shakespeares renowned tragedies are Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. Most of these characters are individual sufferers as in reality; a single man faces the paradoxes of life. In every work of Shakespeare, irrespective of the individually unique traits, we find a shattered hope or a failed ambition asRead MoreEssay Revenge in Shakespeares The Tempest3169 Words   |  13 Pagesnaà ¯vetà © when it came to handling a woman? (1.2.350) In this portion of the website, I will examine those questions and attempt to provide an answer and an insight into the psychology of Prospero. Further, I will examine the relationship between Prospero and Miranda. If there is some element of Prosperos psychology that causes him to be not only revengeful, but deceitful, then his relationship with his daughter, Miranda, must depict and further enhance any of his personality flaws. Their

Analysis Of Charcot s Joint ( Neuropathic Arthropathy )

Charcot’s Joint (neuropathic arthropathy) most often occurs in the foot and happens when a joint breaks down. In most cases of Charcot’s Joint the foot loses most of its sensation and the muscles lose their ability to support the joint completely. The foot becomes unstable and walking becomes difficult. Cranial neuropathy affect the cranial nerves that control sight, eye movement, hearing and taste. It begins with pain near the affected eye and eventually the eye muscle becomes paralyzed leading to double vision. This usually gets better after a few months. Compression mononeuropathy, a common type of neuropathy, occurs when one nerve is damaged. People with diabetes are further predisposed to compression injuries. Carpal tunnel syndrome†¦show more content†¦If ketones build up in the blood it becomes more acidic and if the levels get to high people can develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is extremely dangerous and can lead to a diabetic coma or even death . It is rare in people with type 2 diabetes, but it can occur. Diabetes affect the kidneys as well leading to kidney disease or nephropathy. High levels of blood sugar caused by diabetes can cause the kidneys to filter too much blood. This overexertion can be hard on the kidneys and eventually they can start to leak and can be lost in the urine. If this is not caught early enough the extra work the kidneys are doing can cause them to lose their ability to filter allowing waste to build up in the blood and eventually leading to kidney failure. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to develop certain problems and diseases along with its effects on the different systems of the body. Two out of three diabetics have hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure. Diabetics are one and a half times more likely to suffer from a stroke as those without diabetes. They also have a higher than normal risk of developing heart disease. Two out of three diabetics die from a stroke or cardiovascular disease. People with diabetes also have a greater risk of depression than those without. With all of these potential problems and risk to their health it is somewhat surprising that people with

IT Management & Issues of Stay Togrther Group †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the IT Management Issues of StayTogrther Group. Answer: Introduction The report presents the analysis of the decisions taken by the management of StayTogrther, which is a combined group of ten different hotel chains. The management has decided to have a merger of their business so that they can be saved from the intense market competition prevailing in the hospitality industry. There are hotels that are very low priced and are giving tough competition to these hotel groups. Thus this working together in a group is a strategic move of the hotel chains to sustain the competition. There are majorly four management decisions the report will focus upon for achieving the desired goals i.e. attracting new customers, brand loyalty, brand patronage and new business opportunities. These are the goals which the hotels are planning to achieve by this merger. Finally, the report will offer few recommendations guiding the way of utilizing ICT for attaining high competitive benefits by the hotel chains against the several market competitors. Involvement of Information Systems and Information Technology in the managerial processes and its impact on the organisation In the hospitality industry, the competition is rising across the world. There are numerous new market entrants who are fetching the attention of the potential customers by offering them services at very squat prices. This is ruining the business of the set and established hotels who charge high prices because of the quality and value services. To overcome these issues, the group of ten hotel chains have planned to merge their business. The merger of the businesses can offer them several; advantages such as having increased customer base, reduced threat of competitive rivalry, innovations and technological integration. By this merger, the hotels want to achieve some of the specific desired goals such as attracting new customers which means that fetching the attention of the customers of the competitors. The other goals are increasing the brand loyalty, continued patronage by the means of synergy and accessing new business opportunities which can arise as a result of the merger (Cunil l, 2006). The management has focused upon four major decisions for achieving the above mentioned goal statements. The management decisions are starting up of a Loyalty scheme under which the customers will b de offered additional services like free nights, car parking on site and airport transfers. The loyalty schemes are the planned marketing approaches which are designed by the organisations for fascinating the customers nod encouraging them to continue their association with the business organisation and the relative products and services (Uncles, Dowling and Hammond, 2003). These schemes offer additional advantages to the loyal customers who have remained reliable to the services of a particular brand in spite of the various choices available. Therefore some rewards points are offered to those customers so that they can maintain their association in a similar way (Bolton, Kannan and Bramlett, 2000). To achieve the planned goals, loyalty schemes is a great strategic idea as it will help in gathering the attention of the competitors customer who are not receiving such additional benefits and will become the potential customers of StayTogether. The second management decision is to establish a standard restaurant and a kitchen on site which will be offering free of cost dinner, breakfast and buffet to the customers. These services will be a complementary offer with the hotel rooms reserved by the customers. The restaurant which come under the exclusive category will be charged a b it extra. The primary aim of this managerial decision is to add to the dollar value which is earned per guest. The decision of offering free buffet, breakfast and dinner can be analysed as a fine strategy for the hotel chains as it will be gathering increased attention of the customers by offering them those additional services which are essential and required and acts as a necessary expenditure by the travellers or the customers (Taylor, 2012). It will also help in increasing the brand loyalty as the customers fell pledged that they are provided with such services which are exceptional and are not offered by other low price hotels. The major point of fascination is that it saves huge costs of the customers as mainly in the overseas regions, the food prices are much high (Suh, Tanford and Singh, 2012). Therefore, this decision of the management is considered as a good move for sustaining the competition. The third management decision is to offer rebates to the customers if they are travelled by some specific airlines. The rebate will be in the form of credit for free of cist meals or free nights. Rebate is a kind of sales promotion which is offered by the marketers as the supplements or incentives with the purchase of any other product or service. It is one of the highly used strategies for advertising sales (Guo, et al., 2014). It offers advantages to the customers that are made to be grabbed instantly or later on. This helps in attracting the customers to make a purchase in consideration for these additional benefits offered as rebates. Rebates can be in the form of payback, discounts on other production, additional services, etc. The management decision of offering rebates supports the accomplishment of the goals set to be achieved after the merger (Lo, Lynch and Staelin, 2007). Rebates are one of the beasty ways which attracts the customers as there are potential customers who ar e much fascinated by the offers, discounts and re bates rather than less prices. Thus, this will help in fetching the attention of the new and potential customers as well as also offer new business opportunity by having tie ups with other companies as providing services and products of their companies in the rebates schemes (Guo, et al., 2013). The fourth and the last management decision is that there will be launched a corporate social responsibility programme under which the customers will be nominating or selecting a charity where they will wish the hotel chain to donate a total of one percent of the total i.e. the billable amount of the customer (Bohdanowicz and Zientara, 2008). This is one of the highly social and responsible managerial decisions of the hotel chains. The primary benefit of this decision will on the enhancement of the brand loyalty. The social program like charity donations increase the brand visibility and brand recognition of an organisation as well as also improve the image of business organisation in the eyes of the customers. The individuals usually want to attach themselves from those organisations which are high in performing corporate social responsibility (Green and Peloza, 2011). A socially responsible business also have several opportunities of getting huge support from the legal authorities and Governments as they are having involvement in social development of the masses and the societies (Lee and Park, 2009). Al these management decisions and the merger of the hotel chains offer numerous advantages to the hotels involved in the merger process. With the merger, there is integration of the technologies and strengths of all these hotel chains that offer the benefits of synergy to these hotel chains. With the impact of synergy, the hotel chains gain increased and continued patronage which was not possible by working on an individual basis. There is requirement of high investments, technologies, labours, etc. when there will be the merger of the hotel chains, there will be combine patronage which will boost the development of the hotel chains and attract customers in an effective manner. These managerial decisions and merger will effectively help the hotel chains in successfully competing with sites like booking.com and hotels.com. With such a big merger, there is a vital role of Information System (IS) and Information Technology (IT). Information technology and information systems are two different aspects which have their diverse meaning and use and approach. Information system can be explained as a set of coordinated network of components that works together in a combined form for the purpose of processing, distribution and generation of information. The information systems are primarily in the form of management support systems and operations support systems in an organisation (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen, 2014). On the other hand, information technology can be explained as an integration of the telecommunication equipment with the computer for the purpose of storage, manipulating, retrieving and storing the data. The use of information technology helps in increasing the organisational performance as it offers edge in resolving several social issues and it also make the information system user friendly and affordable (Bilbao-Osorio, Dutta and Lanvin, 2013). There are several IS and IT related issues which the hotel chains will face because of the merger and integration of technologies. There are numerous issues such as user interface issues, employment issues, legal issues, sustainability issues, data conversion issues, technology compatibility issues, scalability issues, etc. With more technological development due to merger, there is increase use of machines and improved technologies rather than the people. This affects the customer choice as well as the brand loyalty from the employees side (Borgia, 2014). The newly developed user interface is not necessary to friendly and easily functional by all set of customer groups. There are wide range of customer groups which are deprived of the knowledge of taking sue of such high-tech systems and technologies. Therefore, such customers prefer other hotel groups which offer easily accessible service to them without much effort. Replacing people with machines also impacts the employees in a ne gative manner as the most of the work and operations are now automated therefore the employees resigned because of less area for development and incompetence to work on improved and high0tech systems (Stair and Reynolds, 2015). The next major issue which impacts the planned goals of the hotel chains is the data conversion issues and user interface issues. Because of the merger of the business, there is integration of all the data of the different hotel chains. There is an extensive that the hotel chains must have appropriate technology for the data conversion. The customers can get highly confused because of presence of enormous amount of data on a single website for thousands of hotels. Thus, it becomes very difficult for user interface point top use such services. Thus, it is essential to solve this issue of information system. This highly affects the customer choice as there are several groups of customers that wants a puzzle-free and direct information which acne hemp them in faster access to the services (Galliers and Leidner, 2014). The issues of data conversion may result in switching of those customers on other hotel sites which can offer them direct mode of booking and other associated services. Th e other issues such as technology compatibility scalability issue also impacts the continued patronage and access to new opportunities as it not necessary that all the hotels chains access similar software or systems and possess the most competent technologies and systems. Thus, it raise concerns for the hotel chains to have access to new business opportunities and continued patronage because of barricades arise because of some of the hotel chains that are less technologically developed (Helander, 2014). Conclusion and Recommendations In present scenario, facing and sustaining the market competition is one of the toughest jobs for the business organisation and primarily in the hospitality industry which is rapidly developing as well as extending. Because of numerous new entries in the market, it has become a challenge for the large hotel group to decrease their prices and attract the customers. From this report, it can be concluded that merger is a highly potential strategic move for sustaining the market competition. But after having critical analysis of all the managerial decisions and goals, it is recommended to the hotel chains that they must also have several other strategies and approaches for attracting the new and competitors customers. There can be use of effective customer relationship management practices for fetching the attention of the customers. Offering special packages discount and after sales service to the customers are highly vital in present competitive markets. The hotel chains must also prov ide additional benefits like special offers on weekends and in peak seasons so that the hotel chains can become the first choice of the potential customers. There can also have access to new business opportunities by the integration of the technologies such as offering the customers with personalised automated tour guide, internet and other technological services to be offered to the customers on site, etc. As well as it is also essential that the management must have its primary focus on resolving the issues related to information system and information technology for achieving increased customer base. References Arvidsson, V., Holmstrm, J., Lyytinen, K. (2014). Information systems use as strategy practice: A multi-dimensional view of strategic information system implementation and use.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,23(1), 45-61. Bilbao-Osorio, B., Dutta, S., Lanvin, B. (2013, April). The global information technology report 2013. InWorld Economic Forum(pp. 1-383).s Bohdanowicz, P., Zientara, P. (2008). Corporate social responsibility in hospitality: Issues and implications. A case study of Scandic.Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,8(4), 271-293. Bolton, R. N., Kannan, P. K., Bramlett, M. D. (2000). Implications of loyalty program membership and service experiences for customer retention and value.Journal of the academy of marketing science,28(1), 95-108. Borgia, E. (2014). The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues.Computer Communications,54, 1-31. Cunill, O. M. (2006).The growth strategies of hotel chains: Best business practices by leading companies. Routledge. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Green, T., Peloza, J. (2011). How does corporate social responsibility create value for consumers?.Journal of Consumer Marketing,28(1), 48-56. Guo, X., Ling, L., Dong, Y., Liang, L. (2013). Cooperation contract in tourism supply chains: The optimal pricing strategy of hotels for cooperative third party strategic websites.Annals of Tourism Research,41, 20-41. Guo, X., Zheng, X., Ling, L., Yang, C. (2014). Online coopetition between hotels and online travel agencies: From the perspective of cash back after stay.Tourism Management Perspectives,12, 104-112. Helander, M. G. (Ed.). (2014).Handbook of human-computer interaction. Elsevier. Lee, S., Park, S. Y. (2009). Do socially responsible activities help hotels and casinos achieve their financial goals?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,28(1), 105-112. Lo, A. K., Lynch Jr, J. G., Staelin, R. (2007). How to attract customers by giving them the short end of the stick.Journal of Marketing Research,44(1), 128-141. Stair, R., Reynolds, G. (2015).Fundamentals of information systems. Cengage Learning. Suh, E., Tanford, S., Singh, A. (2012). The indirect gaming contributions of cash and comped casino dining: does providing complimentary meals pay off at the slots?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(4), 1303-1310. Taylor, D. (2012).Hospitality sales and promotion. Routledge. Uncles, M. D., Dowling, G. R., Hammond, K. (2003). Customer loyalty and customer loyalty programs.Journal of consumer marketing,20(4), 294-316.

Personal and Professional Goals free essay sample

Everybody designs goals in their lives, some you pursue, others you commence and something happens or you grow unenthusiastic and by no means complete. Then additional goals appear so far fetched you deem there is no feasible means that you will ever accomplish them, as a result you in no way get underway with it. This happens to many of us at different times in our lives. The only way that one will learn to set goals that they plan to accomplish Is to actually start the goal and finish It. However, one must feel a purpose for setting forth to accomplish their goals.Without repose no one will ever accomplish what they design for their future. Myself have had many goals In my life time. First I wanted to become a teacher, on the contrary I grew out of that dream. I think each little girl at one point ponders about becoming a teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal and Professional Goals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Subsequently later on I sought after becoming a lawyer. I had my mind solidly settled on becoming a lawyer that was until I was in the 1 lath grade. I was on a school mission with a lawyer, and he Informed me that since I was a woman I would not make It as a lawyer. I was really offended having someone advise me that I would never make it.It ought to have made me work harder at working toward this goal, however, instead, I just steered away from it. If it were to happen now that I am older I would have worker harder just to prove that I could do it no matter who was. Now my goal Is to be In the Health Care field. I have always wanted to help others, whether it be as a teacher, lawyer or in the health care field. My goal has always come down to helping people. It all began the morning of February 17, 2003; I woke up with a bad head ACH and knew It was going to be the start of an awful day. I had to be to my new Job at 9 p. M. At night, I hardly had any sleep, and I knew I was not going to get any before starting work. Of course, I still got out of bed and faced the day. The Job was not that bad and I ended up enjoying what I was doing, even though It was not my dream, It was a Job and it was putting meat on the table. I worked for 6 weeks and due to lack of work, they laid me off. I thought I was going to go crazy. We could not afford for me to be out of work. Decided at that moment that enough was enough and I was going to do something about making my life better than it had been. I was tired of working in dead-end Jobs ND getting no where.I saw a commercial on T. V. About University of Phoenix Online, and thought to myself, Hey I could do that. I got online and signed up to obtain my Bachelors of Science In Health Care Services. I knew this was something I would enjoy doing and that there were a verity of jobs out there that I could apply for with this degree. At this point, virtually two years later I am still going strong. It has not been an unproblematic path by any means. I have missed out on a few precious moments with my children, my boyfriend and I have argued about how much time have to 1 OFF irking in a factory.Not because it was a change for the better, but for the reason that being a mom and a college student is not stress-free. However, my children are most important to me, which makes attending school even more important. I want them to mature and be satisfied with there mother for accomplishing something in her life. I know that with everything I have going on everyday and adding college on top of it, that it takes time away from them. But when they are older they will understand why I am doing this. I feel it will give them a better outlook on life, and teach them to reach for the stars.I feel that it is very important to do the best that I can do and make the best out of my life while I have the chance. Not everyone has the want to do something with there lives. Ever since I was a little girl I have always assumed that I can do anything I set my mind to do. I remember sitting on my dads lap, as a little girl, hearing him tell me that I could do anything and be anything I wanted to be. Well now I am showing him and myself that I can do anything and even through all the obstacles and struggles, I have made it this far and I will not stop here.I have always had people try to make me believe I was insignificant or that what I was doing was not what I should be doing. They have always tried to get me to do what they thought was best for me. Well now I am an adult, I have children of my own and I have goals and dreams that I want to accomplish for me. I may struggle at times; I may undergo overwhelming feelings, and suspect I Just can not continue. Nevertheless this is something I want to do; I have decided to go to college because I want to go. The goals I have now are for me. I will make it because I want to, not cause someone expects me to make it.In conclusion, when times start getting tough and I feel like I Just cannot go on, all I have to do is look at my children. Knowing that I have raised my daughter by myself and she is doing wonderful and I have a wonderful man and a little boy in my life. These things will give me the pick up I need to get back up and make things happen. Having support and the can do attitude that I have gives me the will power to make all my dreams and goals come true. I thank God for giving me everything he has and giving me the chance to prove to myself that I am someone.

In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment free essay sample

In a highly dynamic and turbulent environment, some mangers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances, whilst others have change thrust upon them. Therefore, it benefits all mangers to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the organization and its environment and react accordingly. Introduction The purpose of this article is to evaluate the statement above and discuss the skills a manager might need to be successful in a increasingly fast changing and growing complexity business environment. No matter what form of the organization that you work for, for example, a profit making company, a public sector bodies or voluntary charitable group. We all have been experiencing the impact of the environment that surrounding organization. Accordingly, studying the environment and managing the impact are essential to survive or gain competitive advantage. Changing School of Management Thought Before we talk about the environment, I would like to briefly exploring some of the major schools of management thought. We will write a custom essay sample on In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is important to know that not only the environment is changing rapidly, but also the way we see the world is shifting. Each of the schools of thought, in their day, represents the major paradigms and reflects the business environment surrounding them in their eras. These schools of thought are the ‘paradigms’ of management referred to by Clarke and Clegg in their book â€Å"Changing Paradigms – The Transformation of Management Knowledge for the 21st Century. †(Clarke Clegg, 2000) . Since â€Å"Clarke and Clegg define paradigms as models or frameworks that we use to help us perceive, perceive, understand and interpret the world around us. † (R A Cowe BmiC Lec1, 2008). We can understand the change happens in business world by studying different schools of thoughts and paradigms in different time. Thus we can compare the complexity of nowadays environment with early year environment. The major schools of management that we need to recognize are Scientific Classical (administrative) Behavioral Systems and contingency approaches Scientific School views management as a science and belief that there is only ‘one best way’ to run a business, whilst mangers are able to identify and prescribe the one best way. Classical School seeks universal truth about management through specialization of work, unity of command, scalar chain of command and co-ordination of activities. Behavioral School emphasizes the ‘people factor’ and it does not view people as machines. These three major foretime schools of management have certain command feature. They just emphasize one aspect of management only, like Scientific management focus on work, Classical management focus on organization structure and Behavioral management focus on people. They believe that there is only one best way to manage a business and only one single factor drive the change. This emphasis tends to ignore the ‘environment factor’. These theories treat management as an internality rather than externality. According to their assumptions, environment seems to be a constant rather than a variable. We suggest that these foretime paradigms, in their time, have much more stable, predictable and parochial environment, therefore they do not see the problem of ignoring the ‘environment factors’. Nowaday environment, however, is no longer stable and predictable. The most recent school of management, System approach, implies that present day organization exist in highly dynamic and turbulent environment. Systems approach represents an organization as an Open System. They believe organization do not exit in isolation, on the contrary, organization exist within environment. We will detailedly discuss system approach and apply it for analysis of the environment in latter part of this article. Cause of Dynamic and Turbulent Nowadays, highly dynamic and turbulent environment was caused by such as globalization and appearance of internet. According to the Boston Consulting Group (Clarke Clegg, 2000) the following are the key â€Å"drives of change†: Change in economic structure The basis of competition The changing shape of business organization â€Å"Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. †( Bhagwati Jagdish, 2004). This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces referred to by Rowman Littlefield in their book â€Å"Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity a Changing World. †(2004) Globalization brings change in economic structure Impact on business: Deregulation and opening up of national economies. For example, accession of China to WTO. Challenges: Complex, fast-changing and unfamiliar competitive environment Globalization also brings change in the basis of competition Impact on business: Emergency of capabilities-based competition. For example, value/supply chain management. Challenges: Managing the relationship with global customers, supplier, and workforces, etc. Globalization change the shape of business organization Impact on business: Growth in flexible working arrangements. Challenges: Leading an organization of quite different design Globalization bring a new manner of doing business, since globality offer much opportunity and competitive to our business environment. You can join economic and technological forces with anybody in anywhere. This gives us a continued growth impact, whilst an uncertain and competitive impact. Take my ompany as an example. I work for a fabric manufacture company, Calen, which is based in Hong Kong having mills in mainland China and ship our product, fabric, to Jordan and Cambodia to produce garment selling to USA. We not only compete with Hong Kong rival, but also Vietnam, Turkey and any knitting company in the world. We also have to manage the relationships with suppliers wh o come from India and Pakistan. Under this highly dynamic and turbulent environment, in order to sustain growth and remain competitive we need our managers or organization to be proactive and actively seek opportunity and avoid risk. Nature and Characteristics of Environment Some mangers of organizations try to manage their organization/environment relationship. However, â€Å"The major issue for management in this respect is whether or not the environment is an unmanageable phenomenon†¦.. because of the nature, complexity and uncertainty which exists out there it is impossible to comprehend the organization/environmental relationship. If it is impossible to understand it is impossible to manage. †(David Hawley, 2008). If we want to manage the environment it is worth to have a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment. There are many definitions of the organizational external environment, .. all factors, EXTERNAL to the organization, a change in which may produce a change in the state of the Organization. † (Ackoff Emery, 1972, Thompson, 1968) Or as Von Bertalanffy (1968) suggests when considering the organization/environmental relationship, it might be viewed as: .. a living organism (The Organization), which interacts with its environment. † These definitions show there is interaction between organization and environment. We cannot isolate organization from its environment. Emery Trist (1969) suggested that certain types of environment contain certain characteristics: Placid Random (static) Placid Clustered (static) Disturbed Reactive (dynamic) Turbulent (dynamic) Placid Random – low degree of movement (change) and little connectedness (linkage); impose least threat to the organization; simple decision making and problem solving techniques required. Placid Clustered – similar to placid random, but environmental factors comes in cluster, e. g. suppliers or distributors; more multi-lateral dealing required by the organization to cope with them all; cannot take the environment as a given. Disturbed Reactive – relationship much more comple; fate of organization inextricably linked with factors in the environment; more uncertainty in the organization environment relationship; requires a response from the organization. Turbulent – high degree and rate of change in environment may be beyond the organization’s capacity to predict, major changes which appear remote, but are significant. Some managers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances. According to the complexity and uncertainty of the environment, it is impossible to completely perceive every circumstance surrounding origination. Therefore there must be some circumstances remains unknown to managers. We here distinguish circumstances as ‘known’ and ‘unknown’, the unknown circumstances such as the First Order Environment and the known circumstances such as Second Order Environment. We are going to introduce First/Second Order Environment in the following. Organizations are affected by elements of the external business environment: First Order Environment Second Order Environment Social; Owners Political Employees Economic Competitiors Legal Banks Technical Customers Suppliers Other Stakeholders First order environment is the outer layer that widely dispersed and affects organizations indirectly. It is very hard to predict indirect impact of first order environment on organizations. These elements do not directly change day-to-day operations, but they will affect all organizations eventually. Second order environment is closer to the organization and includes sector that conduct day-to-day transactions with organization and directly influence. It is easy to predict direct impact of these elements on organizations. It is basic operations and performance. In the figure showed below, organizations exist within second order environment, whilst second order environment exist within first order environment. Fig 1. adapted from David Hawley, Napier University, Business and Management in Context, lec 2 p. 8 Analyze Environment Having a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment is not enough for managers to plan their change strategy.

10 mejores y 10 peores estados para hacer negocios

10 mejores y 10 peores estados para hacer negocios Para los  hispanos  que residimos en Estados Unidos es importante conocer cules son los mejores y los peores estados para hacer negocio por una razà ³n muy simple: somos el grupo con el porcentaje ms alto de emprendedores. Y es que 11 de cada 100 tienen un negocio, siendo la presencia latina especialmente notable en  empresas de limpieza, jardinerà ­a, reformas de viviendas, eventos y negocios que requieren licencias profesionales. Muchos de los negocios son pequeà ±os y en realidad son una forma de autoempleo, particularmente entre los migrantes mexicanos y entre los mexicano-americanos que son dueà ±os de aproximadamente 800 mil negocios de este tipo. Est claro que los negocios son importantes para la comunidad latina, tanto para la ya asentada como para la recià ©n llegada y eligen esa opcià ³n como los que no tienen otro remedio porque llegan con una  visa E-2  que debe ser renovada perià ³dicamente  o una  green card por inversià ³n. Por esta razà ³n conviene conocer en cules de los 50 estados de Estados Unidos existe una regulacià ³n y un clima econà ³mico y empresarial que favorece la creacià ³n y el crecimiento de los negocios. Por ello este artà ­culo comprende: Lista general de los 10 mejores estados para hacer negociosLista general sobre los 10 estados en los que es ms complicado y dificultoso sacar adelante un negocioY lista de los 5 estados que los empresarios latinos prefieren para desarrollar su idea de negocio, que no siempre coincide con el listado general. Son muchas las listas que se hacen anualmente sobre los mejores y peores estados para hacer negocio. Aquà ­ seguimos la de Forbes, por su amplitud y metodologà ­a, pero en general puede decirse que hay pocas variaciones entre los diferentes listados. Se han valorado factores como: potencial econà ³mico para el futuro, regulacià ³n sanitaria y de contratacià ³n, disponibilidad de trabajadores, calidad de vida, clima econà ³mico y costo para hacer negocios. Los 10 mejores estados para emprender Utah, destacando en potencial de crecimiento (poblacià ³n: 2,963,000)Carolina del Norte, que sobresale en regulacià ³n favorable para los negocios (poblacià ³n: 9,992,000)Nebraska, tambià ©n con un excelente clima regulatorio (poblacià ³n: 1,877,600)Dakota del Norte, con un buen clima econà ³mico, influenciado por los hidrocarburos (poblacià ³n: 744,600)Colorado, el estado nà ºmero 1 en normas laborales (poblacià ³n: 5,397,200)Texas, el estado con el mejor clima econà ³mico (poblacià ³n: 27,187,700)Virginia, el mejor estado desde el punto de vista regulatorio (poblacià ³n: 8,355,200)Indiana, el mejor despuà ©s de Virginia en regulacià ³n (poblacià ³n: 6,608,900)Dakota del Sur. el estado con menor costo para hacer negocios (poblacià ³n: 856,200)Washington, un estado con excelentes perspectivas de crecimiento (poblacià ³n: 7,108,400) Los 10 peores estados para hacer negocios En esta lista se empieza con el menos malo de los top 10 para acabar con el que califica como el peor, es decir, Virginia Occidental. Nueva Jersey, sà ³lo en un estado es ms caro hacer negocio (poblacià ³n: 8,947,700)Vermont, es caro hacer negocios y mucha regulacià ³n (poblacià ³n: 626,500)Hawaii, un estado para vivir pero no para hacer negocios (poblacià ³n: 1,424,900)Alaska, un estado muy caro (poblacià ³n: 738,000)Rhode Island, sà ³lo califica bien en calidad de vida (poblacià ³n: 1,056,900)Nuevo Mà ©xico, el estado con mayor porcentaje de hispanos (poblacià ³n:2,085,300)Maine, destaca por su lado positivo, la calidad de vida (poblacià ³n: 1,331,600)Mississippi (poblacià ³n: 2,995,700)Virginia Occidental, el estado que peor califica en oferta de trabajadores y regulacià ³n (poblacià ³n: 1,844,900). Los mejores y los peores para los emprendedores latinos Los empresarios hispanos en Estados Unidos destacan en la creacià ³n de pequeà ±as empresas e incluso en las que su objetivo es el autoempleo y tienen un à ºnico empleado: el propio emprendedor. Por ello, prefieren estados donde las regulaciones laborales, de salud y de seguridad le sean favorables para sacar adelante su pequeà ±o negocio. Por estas razones, en las encuestas estos son los cinco estados preferidos por los empresarios latinos para hacer negocio: TennesseeOregà ³nUtahPennsylvaniaTexas Curiosamente, tres de los estados con una amplia presencia latina como son California, Nueva York y Florida, no aparecen en ninguna lista entre los mejores para hacer negocios. A tener en cuenta antes de fundar un negocio Los ciudadanos americanos y los residentes permanentes legales podrà ­an tener acceso a subvenciones para negocios, tanto de carcter federal como estatal o incluso local. Es importante informarse sobre posibles ayudas para prà ©stamos, subvenciones, asistencia local y condiciones para calificar para contratar con el gobierno en la pgina oficial del Small Business Administration, que tiene una versià ³n en espaà ±ol. Adems, todos los empresarios en potencia debe tener en cuenta que es importante familiarizarse sobre las formas jurà ­dicas que se le puede dar al negocio para crear una empresa. Puede haber diferencias importantes a la hora de pagar impuestos o de proteccià ³n ante la ley.   Asimismo, considerar familiarizarse con el sistema de franquicias si les gustarà ­a lanzarse al mundo del emprendimiento pero no se sienten seguros porque no conocen bien las regulaciones. Y, finalmente, antes de empezar a hacer gastos, conviene realizar si es posible un buen plan de negocios y contabilizar todos los gastos que puedan surgir, tales como abogado, contable, licencias, alquileres, seguros mà ©dicos, impuestos, derechos de los empleados, salarios mà ­nimos, etc.

Financial Aspect within any Organisation Research Paper

Financial Aspect within any Organisation - Research Paper Example Financial aspect within any organization is considered to be an internal review and the financial managers are the ones responsible for financial planning in such a way that it is embedded within the entire strategic plan to give favorable results for the organization both in the long-run and the short-run. Financial managers are supposed to manage a firm’s resources so that it can meet its goal and objectives. The major aim of a financial manager is to examine the financial data of any given organization and to give the recommendation to the top management regarding strategies that would improve the financial performance of a company. The different role of a financial manager includes capital budgeting decisions, capital structure decisions, providing tactical advice over merger and acquisitions, dividend policy decision and all other investment decisions that may involve portfolio management as well. All these different roles and functions merge together to form the basis of any strategic plan and these financial matters help in understanding the growth that a company will make with reference to its profitability and long term growth. Sales Forecast Forecasting is usually used by companies to estimate future results. Although these estimates are not 100% accurate, they usually give an insight into many issues such as an idea about the future drawn by using different assumption and techniques. Sales forecasting is one such technique whereby any company predicts the volume and the number of sales that may be achieved by different sales staff through different regions in which the company operates. There are three different approaches that are adopted in sales forecasting. These are: Top-down Sales Forecasting; it is a technique whereby the sales figure are planned by the top level management and these figures are forwarded to lower level management in form of sales quotas/limits/targets which the lower level management should attain Bottom-up Sales Forec asting; is an approach whereby these sales figure are put in by the employees responsible for the sale. The sales team forecast a target which they think they can sell and after this target forms the basis for the entire company’s revenue plan. Hybrid Sales Forecasting; is an approach whereby both the top-down and the bottom-up approach is used. The top management derives the sales figure at the corporate level whilst the sales staffs derive it at the operational level. Both these figures are compared together and any discrepancies between the two are henceforth amended. The benefit of using this hybrid approach is that it tends to eliminate any discrepancy or a biased judgment of sales and both the top and the bottom level management work together for the success of the organization. The hybrid approach produces variability and it also creates participation from the lower level management which as a result increases motivation. The disadvantage of this technique is that it c onsumes too much time of both the top and the bottom level management (Kahn, 1998).

To what extent is regional integration in North America part of Essay

To what extent is regional integration in North America part of globalisation - Essay Example Occupying such a vast geographical area and sound population in the three countries of NAFTA, the regional integration at this level certainly helped in the globalization. Globalization is defined as a process of complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes with increasing interdependence, integration and interaction between people and companies in different locations. It involves internationalization, deterritorilization, universalization, westernization and liberalization. The term globalization was used in 1940s but scholars began applying it in early 1980s. It is reported that Theodore Levitt coined the word â€Å"globalization†. Globalization also means the process of moving close to each other by different countires with a sole objective of collective benefit in terms of trade (Colas Alejandro, 2005 and Hulsmeyer, 2003). Globalization can also be described as the the intensification and integration of the consciousness of the world as a whole. It is also used to refer to these collective changes as a process, or else as the cause of turbulent change (James, 2005, Jones,2000 and Randall,2000). Globaliza tion stimulates economic reforms whose economic efficiency and political acceptability are increased through regional cooperation (Schrim,2002). New Regionalism contributes positively for globalization in three aspects: it offers a new theoretical approach to integration theory; it develops a distinct interpretative model for the impact of globalization on states; and it compares systematically the influence of globalization and the preferences for cooperation cross-regionally in Europe and the Americas. Regional integration and globalization coexist with other and they have both positive and negative effects (Perkmann and Ngai-Ling Sum, 2002). Positive effects include higher rate of export growth, faster capital accumulation and improvement in other economic

Discuss the risk management process and its interactions with the Essay

Discuss the risk management process and its interactions with the project lifecycle - Essay Example Risk management is a process that leads to identification of the uncertainties that may arise in the future and provide remedies and precautions for handling these risks. Risks faced by an organisation may create a negative impact on its assets and the reputation it has gained. The aim of Risk management is to identify the potential risks that the company might face and develop resources for mitigating the adverse effects of such losses. An organisation may face various types of risks like financial risks, operational risks, perimeter risks and lastly strategic risks. Financial risks may result in the losses related to cost of claims and liability of judgments (Conrow 2003). Operational risks may be faced by the organisation in the form of labor strikes and strategic risks involve risks related to changes in management or loss of reputation. Risk management has a pivotal role to play in effective project management. The following paper, will throw light on crucial objectives of risk management, the process of risk management and interactions between risk management the project lifecycle. Objectives of Risk Management The process of risk management aims at identification of the potentially hazardous and harmful situations. ... The purpose of risk management is to develop strategies and plans for managing and mitigating the potential risks faced by the organisation. In this manner, risk management aims at preventing the organisations from various types of risks that it may face in the long run and provide effective tools for setting appropriate strategies. Risk Management Process Assessment of risks has a fundamental process that involves five steps in implementing an appropriate system of control so that risks can be minimised. It helps in the identification and analysis of the various risks that are harmful for the workplace and negatively impact the organisation. Therefore, risk assessment is a straightforward examination of the dangerous elements that can harm the people, as well as the reputation of the organisation in the long run. So there is a need to take proper precautions for eliminating all kind of risks in order to minimise the fuss that is created in the functioning of the organisation (Culp 2 001). The first step of risk management process involves identification of hazards and the harmful effects that these hazards possess. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify how people would be affected by the potential danger that is created by the risks. It is required that proper ramifications are undertaken for mitigating the possibilities of such risks. Various strategies and tools are identified to be crucial, for mitigating the dangerous effects of the risks. At this level, sources through which risks can be avoided are analysed, and appropriate measures are undertaken to keep the things at place. These sources of risks can be internal or external to the organisation. An example of internal and external sources of risks can be the employees and the operational

Nationalism and the French Revolution

Nationalism and the French Revolution The French Revolution is synonymous with nationalism. In fact, there can be little doubt that the concept of a nationalist revolution was born from the discord that built up in and around the periphery of France during the 1780’s. There was, however, little cohesion or malice aforethought with regards to events that took place after the storming of the Bastille in 1789. Rather than being a planned experiment in nationalism, the French Revolution should instead be interpreted as the result of pent up forces and frustrated political ambitions that had been fermenting in France and throughout Europe for the previous one hundred years. The nationalism of the revolution era was thus rare; a total kind of nationalist ideology that in theory was concerned with furthering the ambitions of ‘la patrie’ (the nation) but which in reality was too dynamic for its own good. The various modes of political office that dominated France over the forthcoming decades were wholly unpre cedented and unable to be contained within the national borders of France alone. As Bouloiseau declares, â€Å"the regime’s intentions were pure, but it lacked the means to put them into practice.†[1] For the purpose of perspective, the following examination of the role that nationalism played in the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars must adopt a chronological approach, attempting first to trace the genesis and subsequent evolution of the nationalist uprising before attempting to draw a definitive conclusion as to why the nature of the revolution was far too complex to be explained in simple ideological terms. First, however, a definition of nationalism within the specific historical context in which it was formed must be ascertained in order to establish a conceptual framework for the remainder of the discussion. Nationalism could not have emerged as a populist form of political ideology without there first having been the introduction of the paradigm of the ‘nation‑state’, which was first institutionalised after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. France, Spain, Prussia, Switzerland, Holland and Sweden all signed treaties during the course of 1648 bringing to an end a variety of international conflicts that had beset the European continent for the previous eighty years. The treaty acknowledged the political legitimacy of states on the European mainland, giving rise in the process to the idea of international relations – the foundation of modern foreign policy. This was an important break with the past where relations between countries had been conducted via the historical continental monarchies and the ‘ancien regime’ that had governed feudal, pre‑industrial Europe for centuries. After 1648 the watershed notion had been implanted which suggested th at the rule of the old continental monarchies was coming to an end and that it would be the nation‑state that would become the determining factor in political affairs in Europe in the future. It is a significant point and one that should be borne in mind throughout the remainder of the discussion: without the Peace of Westphalia there could not have been a nationalist revolution, neither in France or anywhere else. Before it, it is difficult to conceive of nationalism in the modern form that is talked of today. The revolution itself was the result of a century of frustration that had built up around the inability to turn this new concept of the nation‑state into a political reality. For instance, despite the increasing urbanisation and industrialisation of the country the monarchy, nobility, aristocracy and the landowners continued to economically and politically dominate France throughout the opening decades of the eighteenth century. Moreover, as was the case with the last days of the Roman Empire, the behaviour of the traditional elite in France appeared to get more lavish and decadent with each passing year so that, by July 1789, France was absolutely ripe to experience what Marxists would understand as a ‘revolution from below’. The intellectuals and the bourgeoisie were able to use a variety of oratorical and politically inflammatory means of inciting the disaffected French masses into open rebellion at this time. One of these means was nationalism. By constantly c laiming that the monarchy and the nobility were destroying the cultural fabric of France, the leaders of the revolution (bourgeois men such as Maximilian Robespierre) were able to quickly turn a large‑scale riot into a wholesale nationalist revolution. In this sense, the dictatorship of Robespierre and The Terror that took effect from July 1793 to July 1794 should be seen as marking the birth of political modernity. â€Å"Robespierre is not so much the heir of Enlightenment as the product of the new system called Jacobinism, the beginning of modern politics.†[2] Modern politics in this instance is a pseudonym for nationalism, which after the French Revolution became the defining concept in European politics until the end of World War Two and the destruction of the Nazi State in 1945. Indeed, the link between the revolution, nationalism and what the twentieth century would come to understand as fascism must at this point be underscored. Fascism, much like the political dictators of the French Revolution, was only able to come to power via a protracted period of liberal decadence having taken place beforehand. Thus in much the same way as the leaders of the French Revolution right wing fascist leaders used nationalism as a means of highlighting the need to undergo a revolutionary national re‑birth; to attempt to form a phoenix from what they perceived as the ashes of political ineptitude and cultural decadence. â€Å"Fascism is a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a palingenetic form of populist ultra-nationalism.†[3] The association with fascism is also useful for the way in which it spreads light on how the revolution was unable to be contained with the sovereign national borders of France alone. Like Nazism, nationalism in the context of the French Revolution was a highly unstable ideological solution to a long-term socio‑political problem. The revolution likewise required an external enemy in order to maintain popular support and political legitimacy. Thus, war became the lifeblood of the revolution as, during the course of the 1790’s the leaders of the French Revolution decided that it was no longer enough to have successfully removed from power the former political elite from France; rather, an expansion of the ideology and the means of putting that ideology into practice abroad became the raison d’à ªtre of the regime. â€Å"During the 1790’s the policies pursued by France undoubtedly contributed to mass political mobilisation elsewhere in Europe.†[4] The Napoleonic Wars which followed should be seen as the wars of nationalism which raged across the European continent over the following two decades. Yet there was a tangible sense of a faà §ade appearing whereby the French claimed to be conquering foreign territory in order to transfer the libertarian, enlightened principles of the revolution to lands that had hitherto not been afforded such a valuable political and social insight when in fact the struggles that Napoleon embarked upon across the continent were simply a means of affirming the French nationalists’ belief that they alone were the superior European race. Nowhere is this better illustrated than in the invasion of Russia – again a move that strikes immediate comparisons with Hitler and Nazi Germany. By crossing the Urals and moving into the realms of Russian authority, Napoleon finally discarded the mask of the revolution that he had so far been sporting. In no way could the take over of Russia be seen as anything other than the expression of nationalism over political theory. Russia at the time was still an almost entirely feudal country with no industrialisation to speak of even in the major towns and cities such as St. Petersburg. In addition, there was no sophisticated social class system to speak of which could have proved to be a launch pad for a nationalist revolution taking place in Russia on anything like the same scale that had happened in France. Therefore, the invasion was, in the final analysis, simply due to the will of Napoleon and the nationalistic French to increase the revolutionary empire by overcoming the historical pariah of European politics. Furthermore, just like all the other nationalist leaders who went before and came after him, Napoleon was ultimately proved to be incorrect: nationalism (as manifested by the Tsar and the Russian civilian population) was a force that was just as capable of defending a sovereign border territory as it was of invading and con quering it. Nationalism was clearly a double‑edged sword so far as France and Napoleon were concerned. Essentially, the more land the French army seized, the more the Prussians and the English revelled in their own forms of nationalism which were ignited in the first place by French aggression and sustained by the military ambitions of its dictatorial leader. It remains within the realms of conjecture as to whether or not the British Empire would have been established as rapidly and successfully as it was without the experience of the Napoleonic Wars to both inspire as well as crystallise it. There can be little doubt that the rivalry of the two (which had been meted out in the colonial wars that took place at the same time in North America and Canada) had been the result of a growing sense of tension due to the nascent nationalism of both countries. The French Revolution proved to be the catalyst behind the ultimate expression of this nationalistic warfare between the United Kingdom and France – a potent political concoction whose reside is still very much in evidence in the modern era. Mention at this point must be made of the ideological and philosophical impetus behind the French Revolution in order to manufacture an argument against the idea that the uprising was solely the revolt of nationalistic fervour, which it clearly was not. No seizure of power by a people over a ruling government can be anything other than the combination of a number of highly complex social, cultural, economic and political processes. The build up to the storming of the Bastille has been described as the golden age of Enlightenment – an epoch that oversaw the signing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man in America (July 1776), which signalled the notion of all men being born equal and of human beings having been born with certain rights that must be upheld by national and international law. This vision of liberalism that was sweeping across the early modern western world was not initially a vision that was inspired solely by nationalism. Certainly in the United States it is not possible to speak of a nationalist revolution simply because the thirteen colonies at that time consisted of such a mixture of European immigrants as to make the concept of a nation‑state wholly inadequate for the newly conceived ‘Americans.’ The ideal was, rather, a child of ideological and philosophical writings that emanated predominantly from France via contemporary cultural commentators such as Rousseau an d Voltaire. Again, these ideals did not accentuate the nationalism inherent within Enlightenment. Instead they promulgated an essentially socialist view of a new European order that was designed upon a kind of meritocracy rather than values pertaining to inheritance; where ability was seen as more important than historical connection. â€Å"Anyone who excels in something is always sure to be sought after, opportunities will present themselves and merit will do the rest.†[5] This inexorably socialist, libertarian seed that was first planted in what would become the French Revolution is a vital tool for understanding how nationalism alone cannot be seen as responsible for the events of 1789 and the ensuing wars which followed. The ideological impetus behind the revolution was one that genuinely envisaged a utopian new world order that would not be dictated by corrupt and inadequate people the likes of which had conspired to ruin France since the Middle Ages. The reasons as to why this ideal of a revolution from below turned into a large scale international war is entirely due to the make up of mankind, which is especially inclined to be corrupted by power and to look towards routes of making profit out of the conquer and subjugation of alien races. The point has been made before and it must be made again: this kind of overt nationalism that took control of France during the late eighteen and early nineteenth century was the driving force behind all interc ontinental relations over the following one hundred and fifty years. The French Revolution thus oversaw the beginnings of the reign of realpolitik when military might became the only means of maintaining dominance in a Europe increasingly influenced by cultural intolerance and overt political nationalism. Conclusion â€Å"1789 meant a revolution in ideas, in institutions and individual opportunities, which a quarter of a century of upheaval and war made irreversible.†[6] As the above quotation suggests, the revolution that took France by storm during the final years of the eighteenth century was an extremely potent political process that seemed to gather intensity as the success first of the bourgeois dictatorship of The Terror and second of the military dictatorship of Napoleon cemented the ideals of the Enlightenment upon the European mainland. However, although this process might have began as an expression of egalitarian views pertaining to the freedom of all men, the reality of the revolution was one that spoke volumes about the essentially violent nature of the human condition and the extent of the socio‑political frustrations that had been steadily rising since the middle of the previous century. The greatest beneficiary of this volatile mixture was without doubt nationalism – the only ideological force that was able to hold together the disparate aims and ideals that conspired to make up the French Revolution. Nationalism and th e defence of la patrie were used as rallying cries by the petty bourgeoisie, the revolutionary instigators of the Terror and the imperial machinations of the Napoleonic war machine. To what extent these people were successful in their aims of inciting a nationalist revolution remains an issue that still resides predominantly within the realms of conjecture. There certainly appears to be a major schism between the nationalism that gripped the streets of Paris and the other chief urban centres of France and the relative tranquillity of the rural areas of the country that largely retained their bonds both to the nobility and to the ancien regime in the years that immediately followed the revolution[7]. In the final analysis, the concept of la patrie meant very little to the uneducated proletariat working on the rural estates in the agrarian parts of the country where economic necessity took precedence over revolutionary rhetoric and nationalistic uprisings. This then suggests that nationalism is inexorably tied to industrialisation, urbanisation and the ability to wage mobile industrial warfare across a large land mass. This is exactly what happened one hundred and fifty years after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo when the distorted vision of nationalism that inspired the French Revolution came back to haunt Europe and the world on an unimaginable scale. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andress, D. (2005) The Terror: Civil War in the French Revolution London: Little, Brown Co. Bouloiseau, M. (1983) (translated by J. Mandelbaum), The Jacobin Republic, 1792‑1794 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Dann, O. and Dinwiddy, J.R. (1988) Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution London: Continuum Furet, F. (1981) (translated by E. Forster), Interpreting the French Revolution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Griffin, R. (1991) The Nature of Fascism London: Pinter Merriman, J. (2004) A History of Modern Europe Volume 2: From the French Revolution to the Present London: W.W. Norton Co. Pilbeam, P.M. (1995) Republicanism in Nineteenth Century France, 1814-1871 Basingstoke: Macmillan Rousseau, J-J (1971) (introduction and translated by J.M. Cohen) The Confessions London: Penguin Voltaire (1964) (introduction and translated by J. Butt) Zandig London: Penguin Zeldin, T. (1980) France 1848-1945: Intellect and Pride Oxford: Oxford University Press Selected Articles Biddis, M. (October 1994) Nationalism and the Moulding of Europe, in, Journal of the Historical Association, Volume 79, No. 257 London: Blackwell Footnotes [1] Bouloiseau, M. (1983) (translated by J. Mandelbaum), The Jacobin Republic, 1792‑1794 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.227‑8 [2] Furet, F. (1981) (translated by E. Forster), Interpreting the French Revolution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.204 [3] Griffin, R. (1991) The Nature of Fascism London: Pinter, p.26 [4] Biddis, M. (October 1994) Nationalism and the Moulding of Europe, in, Journal of the Historical Association, Volume 79, No. 257 London: Blackwell, p.416 [5] Rousseau, J-J (1971) (introduction and translated by J.M. Cohen), The Confessions London: Penguin, p.271 [6] Pilbeam, P.M. (1995) Republicanism in Nineteenth Century France, 1814-1871 Basingstoke: Macmillan, p.267 [7] Zeldin, T. (1980) France 1848-1945: Intellect and Pride Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.2-5

Resolving Problem With Manager In The Workplace :: Organizational Management

Identification and definition of the problem. My workplace environment at one time was a pleasant place to be. All the employees got along and worked together very well. We were a team and liked to help each other out when one was in need. It was like clock work. We would go to work wanting to be there to do our jobs because we all knew we would have fun throughout the day while we were working. Then a new manager joined the team. It was not planned, we knew our store needed some help but the employees did not know for definite when we would be getting a new supervisor. The first day was like any usual first day. Meeting the employees, learning the names and a little bit about each person. After observing my new supervisor for a couple of hours I felt as if he was in a hurry to get the first day work out of the way and leave. He did not seem the least bit interested in the people he was going to be working with for over eight hours a day. I blew off my thoughts and felt it was too early to judge the situation. Well I was wrong to blow off my feelings, because I was right to think something was not quite right about this man. During his training he did not want any one below his position to help him out. If he was having troubles with the computer he had to go to the General Manager or another supervisor even though the employees probably know the computers just as well as managers because we use them all day long. He would look for thirty minutes for something in dry storage before he ever asked an employee. I personally thought that was unusual, not asking for help unless it was management. It seems like to me that it would have made him feel less superior if he had to ask one of his employees for help. At that point I knew working with this particular supervisor would not be pleasant. As time went on the situations got increasingly worse. He would scream at us employees for the most ridiculous things. Showing up to work without my name tag would be means for him sending me home.

Cold Case Investigation

Abstract Cold case investigation is a growing concern due to increased numbers of unsolved cases and pop culture appeal. This paper will walk you through what a cold case investigation is, how one begins, and factors such as the use of volunteers can effect the outcome of a cold case investigation. Each year the number of unsolved cases in the U. S. goes up, but with limiting funding and lack of manning something has to be done to keep the numbers down. A dedicated cold case unit is the best answer to this problem. Cold Case InvestigationApproximately one-third of all homicides in the United States are not cleared within the first year of being committed. These cases are dubbed cold cases after active investigation has been terminated for any of several reasons. If investigators lose the trail or cannot come up with enough evidence, witnesses, or a suspect the case may be closed. More important or high publicity cases may become a priority and with lack of a trail a case is closed. T hese cases can be placed on a back burner until time and manning is available to conduct a more thorough investigation and continue where previous investigation left off.The low clearance rate has also been attributed to the number of experienced detectives, changes in resources, deterioration of quality of investigation, and escalation of other related crimes. The means of conducting a cold case investigation vary greatly from that of an ongoing investigation and may even be conducted by people not employed by the original agency handling the case. Resurrecting a Cold Case Investigation After a case has been dubbed a cold case, it may take several months to even years before it is re-opened for investigation.Some times the original investigator may feel a desire to re-open the case or new evidence or witnesses may come to light offering up a direction for investigators to follow. Other times it requires others not involved in the initial investigation to take initiative to gather c losure for victims or other reasons. If the primary investigator in the initial case is not involved in the cold case investigation, the current investigators need to be brought up to speed on the background and prior evidence or facts of the case.Investigators may then contact any prior witnesses and re-entertain questions previously asked or expand on the subject. Some witnesses may provide further information. If there were no witnesses or suspects, current technology that was not available during the initial investigation could provide evidence not previously available such as DNA. Personnel previously interviewed may also be feeling guilt by the time a cold case is re-opened and need an opportunity to vent or even confess their guilt.If little or no further information is found for investigators to go off of the case may become frustrating and be given up on again. Re-opening a cold case also creates some turmoil such as opening old wounds with the victims of these crimes due t o the suspect not being caught initially, and because the victims are forced to relive the past. Cold Case Investigation Units Cold case investigation investigations units have been formed to combat the growing trend of unsolved cases. They usually consist of one or more dedicated homicide investigators with the sole purpose of solving the cases.The structure and management of these units are not clearly defined at this time and there is little evidence to prove that they are effective at reducing the numbers of unsolved cases. Cold case units have gained popular appeal in the last couple of years through various television shows related to that of solving cold cases. There are two perspectives as to why certain cases remain unsolved. The first is based on conflict theory and behavior of law theory. This theory shows that the police’s discretion leads to differences in investigative effort and shows bias.The biggest thing to note on this theory is that a case will have more t ime and effort put into it if the victim is from a more favorable social position. The second theory is the opposite. It states that everyone receives maximum effort regardless of victim characteristics and cases remain unsolved due to a lack of situational characteristics such as evidence, witnesses, and use of a weapon that can be found and fingerprinted. (Napolean, 2009, pg n/a) The cold case unit concept was created by the Miami police department in the 80’s to handle approximately 1,400 unsolved cases.This unit had much success and cold case investigation units became popular nationwide. To date there are still some concerns on how a cold case unit should operate, but prioritizing cases is the biggest concern. As a standard the highest priority cases are those, which the victim or a second victim has been identified, the death was ruled a homicide, suspects were previously named by forensic means, an arrest warrant was previously issued, significant physical evidence can be further processed, or new leads have arisen where critical witnesses are willing to cooperate.Cold cases are generally broken into three categories, high, moderate or low. By any means, a staffed and supported cold case investigation unit is more advantageous than a temporary unit. Volunteers are Essential Cold case investigation is an extremely labor intensive process. There has been a growing desire for cold cases to be solved due to its pop culture appeal. Many police departments are feeling the pressure to get their unsolved case numbers down, but due to the economy and budgets on a downward trend staffing and resources are at a premium.Agencies are now turning to a more non-traditional alternative to fill staff voids left by budget cuts. Volunteers can play an essential role in the assistance to detectives who solve cold cases. Retired detectives provide an allure to some agencies. These retirees do not require additional training because they were previously employed in th e same line of business. They are also most likely to enjoy doing the work because they retired doing it. A great attractor for retirees is that they benefit from getting a chance to do what they love without being forced into the long hours that comes along with it.Other volunteers can come from just about anywhere as long as they have a willingness and drive to solve the cases. Ex-law enforcement and civilians are vital. Having a mixed background of volunteers provides a variety of experience to draw from and a fresh set of eyes on the cases. Investigators that previously worked on the cases may feel refreshed having another opinion on the work they did and find something that was previously missed. Often times investigators are drawn into the way they were instructed to solve a case and miss alternative approaches to problem solving.Volunteers can provide this alternate because they may not have any training in solving cases. Even if volunteers do not work specifically on solving the case, there are other just as important opportunities. Law enforcement comes with a lot of paperwork and filing. Volunteers are perfect for this because by them doing the paperwork aspect of the investigation it frees up the time of the actual detectives to do the foot pounding. References Leonard, G. J. , Gerard, F. D. , & Camille, D. B. (2005) Resurrecting cold case serial homicide investigations.FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 74(8), 1-7. Retrieved from https://search. proquest. com/docview/204129494? accountid=8289 Napolean, C. R. (2009) Cold case investigation units. TELEMASP Bulletin, 16(1), 1-10. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/198013843? accountid=8289 Regensburger, D. (2011). Law enforcement volunteers: An essential tool in the investigation of cold case homicides. Sheriff, 63(3), 22-24. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/869520529? accountid=8289

Book Review of People of the Three Fires

Book Review of People of the Three Fires The book, People of the Three Fires, is written by three different people each describing a tribe in detail.The book is very well written and relatively easy to understand. It is informative and was written to be used as a teaching tool for schools. The book discusses the relationship between the groups that lived in Michigan and surrounding areas. James M. McClurken writes the first section, which deals with the Ottawa people. McClurken tells about the Ottawa peoples relationship with the environment they lived in and how they adapted to change when contacted by Europeans. One thing I found interesting about the Ottawa is their beliefs. The Ottawa believed in respect for the individual. Their leaders represented the people much like our elected officials represent us when a decision is needed for the whole of the country. They are in tune with nature and consider the earth and animals part of their family, addressing them with father, mother, brother, sister. The Ottawas a lso amazed me at their ability to believe in the supernatural, the spirits that told what sickness a person has and the healing power of the firewalkers is a leap of faith. I am always amazed that people survived without Advil and Tums, and they didnt just survived they thrived! The Ottawa were great traders, in fact they traded all !over northern Michigan. A surprising fact I read in the section was of the fleecing of the Indians out of their lands by the Mason County government. In the past year however the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians have reclaimed land in Mason County. This worries me somewhat because I think the house in which we live was part of the land given to the Ottawa in the Treaty of 1855. While I feel bad that the Ottawa were cheated out of their land, I dont think I should have to give up my house to right a ...

How to Choose a Title for Your Essay by BestEssay.Education

How to Choose a Title for Your Essay Making The Right Choice Have you ever walked past a book in the bookstore, then immediately back-tracked to check it out because the title caught your eye? Maybe you’ve made a last minute decision to buy a magazine based one of the titles splashed across the cover. Writers and editors of a variety of publications use clever and compelling titles to hook the reader who will then, ideally, make a purchase. Obviously you are not selling your essay, but the title is still a part of a piece of writing that is going to be graded. Why not put a bit of an effort into the title as well? Are you wondering how to choose a title for your essay? Well, we have a few tricks up our sleeves that we’re going to share to help everybody learn how to title an essay. If you are writing an essay on a serious subject or a light-hearted topic, we have some great ideas for you. Leave the Title for Last Don’t try to write your title first. You will spend the rest of your time attempting to tailor your writing to the title. This will only result in frustration. Your best course of action is to write the essay first, and then to allow the essay to influence the title. However, this does not mean that you should not consider the title at all while you are working. If you get ideas, by all means jot them down. The more potential titles you have on your list once you are done writing, the better off you will be. Finding Good Titles for Essays There are many options for selecting a title for an essay. One thing you can do is examine the writing you have done to determine if there is a particular phrase that appears in your essay. This might be a possible candidate for inclusion in a title. You can also look for an opportunity to use a play on words to create a title that is catchy, and that makes the reader stop and think for a moment. Some writers select titles that are send-ups of other well-known titles. These are great options for coming up with a creative title for an essay that is on a lighter subject. Selecting a Title for a Serious Essay When you choose a title for an essay that is written about a solemn topic, you do want your title to be compelling. What you want to avoid is being unintentionally cutesy or irreverent. One option that works quite well is to take a compelling fact and incorporate this into the title of your essay. Here is an example. â€Å"200 Deaths a Year: Violence in the Inner City†. Another option is to put an action item in your title. It could look something like this. â€Å"Solving the Problem of Inner City Violence†. A third option is to utilize an emotional appeal like this: â€Å"The Heartbreaking Reality of Inner City Violence†.

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Economics - Research Paper Example In addition, the research will seek to identify the various benefits and disadvantages that are brought about by unemployment in USA. Unemployment in this case is described as a state of a person who is able and willing to work at the available rates and is actively seeking a job but is unable to acquire an income-generating job. Unemployment is always accompanied by unemployment rate. Unemployment rate is described by economists as the total number of unemployed persons in the country divided by the total number of the labor force (Rappaport 5). Unemployment can be defined depending with the different circumstances that underlie the situation. The United States is one of the countries that face a high unemployment rate in the world as compared to other European countries such as Germany, United Kingdom, and France. This research paper seeks to ascertain the level of unemployment in USA. Moreover, the researches will establish the disadvantages of unemployment in USA as well as identify the causative agents of unemployment in the country (Rappaport 5). Unemployment is a situation that occurs when people are willing and able to work and cannot find a job. This research is confined to unemployment in the USA. The research will focus on factors that cause unemployment in USA and the increasing trend towards unemployment in the country (Hornstein and Thomas 8). Moreover, it will focus on the challenges facing unemployment in USA as well as suggesting possible solutions for the factors identified. Unemployment situation occurs when a person who is actively seeking for a job is unable to obtain a job. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the country, commonly known as unemployment rate. Unemployment rate is the total number of unemployed persons in the country divided by the total number of the labor force. When an economy is undergoing recession, the rate of unemployment is usually very high. Recent statistics shows that

Unit 8 Asignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 8 Asignment - Essay Example Key players involved in investigating a disease outbreak includes local, state or federal agencies depending on the extent of disease spread and type of disease. Most diseases start at the local level and hence it is the primary duty of local agencies to initiate response. In case the diseases spread across states and nations, state agencies also gets involved in the response. Help from federal agencies such as CDC is sought when the diseases spread is huge or the disease is unusual. The basic step to initiating a disease response is joint collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). These agencies investigate the reasons behind a diseases outbreak, initiate steps to control and subsequently prevent it. This is done by food tests and inspection of food products and service quality at restaurants. Epidemiologist, Microbiologists, Environmental health specialists and regulatory compliance officers and inspectors make up a basic investigating team. Another important stakeholder is the Food industry. I personally feel that the food industry needs to comply strictly with food regulations s to prevent contamination of the food and subsequent outbreaks. Today food is not restricted to one place only, we engage in import and export of several food items which also raises concern in case such items are contaminated. In case of a diseases outbreak it become hard to pin point the cause and hence a series of steps is adopted to investigate the problem. After detection of the outbreak a cause is determines. A hypothesis is made after interviews are conducted with those involved in or witness to the outbreak. Laboratory tests are carried out and in case nothing is found the hypothesis is changes. However in case the findings are positive, point of contamination is investigated and a food is recalled. After recalling, if the disease is in control it is declared safe else the hypothesis is

Passion of The Christ Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Passion of The Christ - Movie Review Example Throughout the film, Jesus undergoes brutality and much suffering. The other leading roles are Caiaphas (the Jewish High Priest) and Pontius Pilate (the Roman Governor). Both do not want to see Jesus being crucified, but live in a perilous time, and Jesus is a major threat to them1. The film relies mostly on the Gospel of Mark; the Jewish crowds shown in almost all scenes of the film support this. The Jewish crowd is shown as indirectly protecting and directly supporting Jesus against the authority of the high priest, which opposes him according to the Gospel of Mark2. In Mark 15:6, â€Å"Pilate had established an open Passover amnesty: ‘at the festival he used to release a prisoner for them, anyone for whom they asked’.†3 The ceremony was open because the crowd and not the governor selected the person to be released. Mark notes that Barabbas (a prisoner) and Jesus are presented to the crowd for it to choose who is to be released and who is to be crucified. There are many differences between the film and the story of Jesus according to the Gospels. There are some portions of Scripture that have been omitted in the film. Gibson cuts words of Matthew 27:25 which states that â€Å"And all the people said, ‘His blood shall be on us and on our children!†4 and John 19:30 which quotes Jesus saying â€Å"It is finished.†5 There are portions of the film that are extra-biblical such as the scene in which Satan is seen holding a baby. The most central scenes of the film are where Jesus is brutally beaten using a whip by the Roman soldiers and the 14 Stations of the Cross. Techniques used in the film include steadcam cinematography and narrative. The utilization of steadcam cinematography assists in the provision of quasi-documentary feel and look. The film has used the languages of the region where Jesus was actually crucified and the setting of the movie appears to capture the Jerusalem atmosphere (though the filmsetting was in Italy). The languages used

Modern Drama Essay Example for Free

Modern Drama Essay Through Shakespeare, came the birth of four major tragedies Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. Shakespeares Hamlet made tragedies problematic. The play was all about whether it was right to take vengeance into your own hands, or whether you should delegate justice into the organs of the state. Arthur Miller, who turned the ordinary man into a figure of tragic stature in Death of a Salesman, felt obliged to the axiomatic laws of tragedy, and so wrote two essays, which he used to develop his ideas on, Tragedy and the Common Man and The Nature of Tragedy. In these two essays, Miller talks about tragedies that are appropriate for a modern audience. Because we differ from the renaissance audience due to an increase in democracy, our sense of individualism has also been enhanced, alongside the principles of equalitarianism. We all feel very important, and every subject feels as significant as the next, so we will respond to tragedies that address our experience as a pose to that of a king or queen. Shakespearean tragedy was about the high born who were brought low by some flaw in the nature of their society. On the contrary, Miller thinks that in tragedy, the protagonist or hero should be a common man and should bear very little, if any resemblance to a man of high statute. In his essay, Tragedy and the Common Man, Miller suggests that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were. He goes on to discuss the sense of personal dignity, and of how tragedies deal with noble passions. He amply suggests that a tragic protagonist should be a character, ideally the common man, who does not remain passive in the face of their oppression or subjugation. This character should fight for his or hers immensivation. Miller, in first essay discusses, Tragedy and the Common Man. The renaissance conceptions of tragedy involve a tragic protagonist who is high born. It is through some character flaw, through concentrated hubris in his mind, which usually leads to a downfall. Miller says every one of us is a common person in a modern, democratic, individualised society. In this condition, every person is a hero in the drama of their own lives, whilst before, when the whole society was homogeneous, and everybody knew their place in cosmic order. Every person was subordinated into the larger design. Thus, important was the part they played in Gods design, and so individual pulses were passed with no significant meaning. Miller reflects upon how modern tragedy should be of a normal, common person. In addition to this, he also articulates his perspective, that in the modern world, because we have a heterogeneous society and do not all share the same beliefs, we do not believe in the same values, so we disagree on what is heroic. People feel it is more difficult to write tragedy because there are no widely shared ideas or values. In a tragedy, you have to have a protagonist who has the qualities that everybody believes in. He has to be one who fights against the corruption of certain aspects in the world. Every one of us fears, at the core of our being, our displacement from what we consider our position in society, our just. Therefore, what Miller does, is to say that his protagonists will not remain passive in the face of his oppression he would rather die than accept a compromised existence. Tragedy, to most, means death and sadness, but Miller feels this is not so. Millers perception of tragedy is that true tragedies are those works of literature that provide for us an optimistic view on human capability. We are inspired to ensure no person, whatever his or her nobility, oppresses us, and so look ubiquitously for sources of our subjugation. We begin to question things we would otherwise consider as customary or natural, and by so doing, we are helped in challenging the sources of oppression through these dichotomies. In his next essay, Miller discusses The Nature of Tragedy. There are many elements, which are highlighted, in this particular composition. However, the two dominating features, which are included, are of the discrepancies between melodrama and real drama within a novel or narrative based on the tragic mode. The concepts that these two conflicting drama types adopt are divulged in this essay, and so can be called upon as one of the centrepieces of this thesis. Melodrama is a specific means of writing, in the sense that it is very artificial. The melodrama type flourished in the Victorian period, and would often circulate around traumatic events. With this, a distinction between the two disparities can be accomplished. Melodrama deals objectively, with characters, which lack realism. These specifically chosen characters do not possess the complexity of real human beings, and good and bad, or white and black are clearly demarcated. When we see a melodramatic play, we see one-dimensional characters that have no moral turmoil in their minds; hence, the play is all about violence and action. With a melodrama, such scenes become almost obligatory. In a word, the work [here described as the play] is characterized by extravagant theatricality and by the predominance of plot and physical action over characterization. Conversely, the real drama approach falls far beyond the simplicity evoked in melodrama. Other than the current features of melodrama, a more assertive sense of human representation is applied to supplement real drama. In the same human breast, wickedness and goodness are converged, bringing a mandatory convention into the drama. Furthermore, there is conflict not only between characters, but also within certain internal impulses of the mind, and so a stalemate within the crest of the protagonist is averted without ambiguous contentment. What tragedies do is to provide us, the audience, with enlightenment. When we come away from the tragedy, we should have been transformed by the event and conformed to its consequences. On exiting the tragedy, we should feel very positive about the potential of the human animal for nobility, and the sacrifice of the protagonist it is often that which helps us to cleanse our selves of dire feelings. At the end of the tragedy, we achieve catharsis. The emanative thing that Miller involves in his own tragedies is to blend realism and expressionism together in a technique called subjective realism whenever the actual, chips into the past timeline. In addition to this, Miller orchestrates the music of the flute to connote pastoral harmony, amidst other devices. The characters are dressed in attire, used to express humour and the lighting has a gold, soft hue to it. This infiltration of his dramaturgy seems to release a realistic representation of life in the play throughout. By utilizing such devices, Miller wants to convey, more efficiently, the way people actually think. In doing so, he is able to take us into the past, in the same way Willy Loman moves back into this age in time. As humans, we are very fluid. In view of the fact that we have memory, we can look into the distant future. We tend to, in the most time, live in the past and anticipate the future whilst dragging the past burden with us. The past always remains, and so we are a part of it. Throughout his existence, Loman carries a strained guilt with him due to a very traumatic experience, which came about eighteen years ago. By so doing, he is barred from accepting certain activities, and so his operation is affected as a human being. Instead, Loman should put that memory to decent use, and by not doing so tragedy is once again insinuated as being the centrepiece of the play, as of course it proves to be in the closing scenes of the play. A brief synopsis of tragedy would be to use its cycle of events to change the world for the better, and the way human past interacts with the human present to build the future. In effect, we can travel to any time in the past within a second or two by one recessive sense. By using light and music, Miller achieves this, and shows us how the past, has never passed. To conclude, from his finely crafted essays, we become exposed to what a tragedy really is in its greatest being. We, as humans, thrive on accomplishing the memorabilia recognised as dreams, and when the path leading to it is barraged, we commit almost any feat in order to reach it. The tragedy, eternally undergoing evolution, is when we do commit, and do not face consequences for the deeds, in our lives or thereafter. As human beings, we are perverse, and try to distinguish ourselves from the animal kingdom, however due to our surreal nature, as with primates, our decree in society is what drives us to commit, indispensably, the things we would otherwise fear. Mohammed Lukman Ahmed 1111 11 SMO Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.